Reactive astrocytes acquire neurotoxic A1 or neuroprotective A2 phenotypes in neurodegeneration. Blocking A1 inducers (IL-1α, TNFα, C1q) or enhancing A2 genes (Lcn2, Timp1) may restore astrocyte homeostatic function. However, the A1/A2 dichotomy is oversimplified; human astrocytes differ significantly from rodent counterparts.
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