Food-grade TiO2/TDCPP Co-exposure disrupts ACOD1/itaconate axis and is associated with TET2-NF-κB inflammation in microglia exacerbating neurotoxicity.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are environmental pollutants with high exposure among children, which pose potential risks to neurodevelopment. However, the neurotoxicity of their co-exposure remains poorly understood. In this study, we employed C8-D1A astrocytes, BV2 microglia, and Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells to investigate the neurotoxicity of food-grade TiO2 and TDCPP co-exposure. Toxicity experiments revealed that combined exposure to f...