UNLABELLED: The incidence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) increase with age, especially within those countries facing great challenge of aging population. However, the mechanism of PND remains elusive, and the lack of precautions has resulted in extended recovery among the elderly. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown promising therapeutic potential in many neurological disorders such as depression and Alzheimer’s disease. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic ...