Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), widely used in rubber manufacturing and agriculture, presents occupational inhalation hazards, yet its effects on human lung epithelial cells remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated TMTD-induced cellular stress responses in A549 lung epithelial cells, focusing on stress granule formation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. TMTD induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, with brief exposure producing effects comparable to continuous exposure, indi...