Fig. 1Figure 1
LPS causes pervasive BBB leakage and inflammatory responses in brain endothelium and parenchyma. A , Schematic illustration of experimental design. Endotoxemia was induced by LPS injection in male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice. B , Mortality rate of mice at 24 h following saline ( n = 10 mice) or LPS ( n = 14 mice) treatment. C , Body weight change of the mice at 24 h after saline ( n = 6 mice) or LPS ( n = 8 mice) injection. D , Representative brain images showing Evans Blue leakage induced by LPS and its quantifications, presented as nanogram dye per gram brain weight (ng/g). E , Co-immunofluorescence staining of mouse plasma IgG and CD31 in the brain cortex and its quantifications. F , Co-immunofluorescence staining of NF-κB p65 and CD31 in the brain cortex and its quantifications. NF-κB p65 signal in endothelial cells was selectively quantified. G , Co-immunofluorescence staining of VCAM1 and CD31 in the brain cortex and its quantifications. H , Co-immunofluorescence sta