Fig. 3Figure 3
GSEA of custom mitochondrial and immune pathways in osteocytes, hBMSCs, and brain under spaceflight. (“GSEA-Cust Infl_MITO”): this is a GSEA custom pathway analysis according to [ 94 ]. Normalized enrichment scores (NES) for mitochondrial- and immune-related modules (rows) are plotted as lollipops for osteocytes (2, 4, 6 days; mouse), hBMSCs (14 days; human), and brain (84 days; mouse) comparing spaceflight to ground controls. A positive NES indicates pathway activation (red), and a negative NES indicates inhibition (blue). Circle size is inversely proportional to the false discovery rate (FDR); only results with FDR < 0.3 are shown. Pathways were defined in collaboration with D. Wallace [ 94 ], and include modules for antigen presentation, innate immunity, PANoptosis (apoptosis, necroptosis, inflammasome), oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I–V and mitochondrial ribosome, mtDna/dsrna immune sensing and vesicle release, integrated stress response (ISR), unfolded protein respo