Figure 4Figure 4
Modelled kinetics of tissue damage markers and complement factor C5 in CSF over 60 days following disease exacerbation. Modelled CSF levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), neurofilament light chain (NfL) and complement C5 are shown for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) (orange line), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) (blue line) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (red line). The x -axis represents days post-exacerbation (0–60 days), with the vertical dashed line indicating the transition from the acute (≤21 days) to the subacute/chronic stage (>22 days). Biomarker concentrations ( y -axis) are plotted in pg/ml, except for C5, which is presented in ng/ml, using a log-transformed scale. Solid lines represent modelled trajectories, and shaded areas denote 95% confidence intervals. Distinct kinetic patterns are observed: MMP-9 remains chronically elevated in