Figure 4Figure 4
Smaller nucleoli associate with longevity in higher organisms. ( a , b ) DR, dilp2-3,5 and Rapamycin treated D. melanogaster possess small nucleoli in intestine and fat body (Error bars represent mean±s.d.). ( c , d ) DR and IRS1 knockout mice show reduced nucleolar size in kidney tissue compared to ad libitum fed mice and wildtype (Error bars represent mean±s.d.). ( e , f ) Muscle biopsies from humans undergoing DR and exercise exhibit small nucleoli. Scale bars represent 10 μm ( a , c ) and 20 μm ( e ). * P <0.05 paired t-test, **** P <0.0001 unpaired t-test.