Production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from specific mitochondrial sites under different bioenergetic conditions.

Mitochondrial production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is potentially important in cell signaling and disease. Eleven distinct mitochondrial sites that differ markedly in capacity are known to leak electrons to oxygen to produce O2̇̄ and/or H2O2 We discuss their contributions to O2̇̄/H2O2 production under native conditions in mitochondria oxidizing different substrates and in conditions mimicking physical exercise and the changes in their capacities after caloric restriction. We review the use of S1QELs and S3QELs, suppressors of mitochondrial O2̇̄/H2O2 generation that do not inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, as tools to characterize the contributions of specific sites in situ and in vivo.