Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.
1. J Inflamm Res. 2022 May 25;15:3083-3094. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S350109. eCollection 2022. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Wang M(#)(1)(2)(3), Pan W(#)(1)(2)(3), Xu Y(#)(1)(2)(3), Zhang J(1)(2)(3), Wan J(1)(2)(3), Jiang H(1)(2)(3). Author information: (1)Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. (2)Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. (3)Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. (#)Contributed equally Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, microglia play an important role in the monitoring and intervention of synaptic and neuron-level activities. Interventions targeting microglia have been shown to improve the prognosis of various neurological diseases. Recently, studies have observed the activation of microglia in different cardiovascular diseases. In addition, different approaches that regulate the activity of microglia have been shown to modulate the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The change in autonomic nervous system activity after neuroinflammation may be a potential intermediate link between microglia and cardiovascular diseases. Here, in this review, we will discuss recent updates on the regulatory role of microglia in hypertension, myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We propose that microglia serve as neuroimmune modulators and potential targets for cardiovascular diseases. © 2022 Wang et al. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S350109 PMCID: PMC9148574 PMID: 35642214 Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References1.KapoorK, BhandareAM, FarnhamMMJ, et al. Alerted microglia and the sympathetic nervous system: a novel form of microglia in the development of hypertension. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2016;226:51–62. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2015.11.015266440792.BadoerE. Microglia: activation in acute and chronic inflammatory states and in response to cardiovascular dysfunction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;42(10):1580–1585. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.07.005206384853.SavchenkoVL, McKannaJA, NikonenkoIR, et al. Microglia and astrocytes in the adult rat brain: comparative immunocytochemical analysis demonstrates the efficacy of lipocortin 1 immunoreactivity. Neuroscience. 2000;96(1):195–203. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00538-2106834234.WolfSA, BoddekeHWGM, KettenmannH. Microglia in physiology and disease. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79(1):619–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034406279596205.LevickSP, MurrayDB, JanickiJS, et al. Sympathetic nervous system modulation of inflammation and remodeling in the hypertensive heart. Hypertension. 2010;55(2):270–276. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.142042200481966.DengY, TanX, LiML, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the rostral ventrolateral medulla regulates cholinergic signaling and cardiovascular and sympathetic responses in hypertensive rats. Neurosci Bull. 2019;35(1):67–78. doi:10.1007/s12264-018-0298-3303185627.YoungCN, DavissonRL. Angiotensin-II, the brain, and hypertension: an update. Hypertension. 2015;66(5):920–926. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.03624263245088.WangM, LiS, ZhouX, et al. Increased inflammation promotes ventricular arrhythmia through aggravating left stellate ganglion remodeling in a canine ischemia model. Int J Cardiol. 2017;248:286–293. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.011288268009.WangY, JiangW, ChenH, et al. Sympathetic nervous system mediates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in a circadian disruption model. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:668387. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.6683873384256610.CooteJH, ChauhanRA. The sympathetic innervation of the heart: important new insights. Auton Neurosci. 2016;199:17–23. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.0142756899511.CronkJC, KipnisJ. Microglia – the brain’s busy bees. F1000Prime Rep. 2013;5. doi:10.12703/P5-5312.AjamiB, BennettJL, KriegerC, et al. Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(12):1538–1543. doi:10.1038/nn20141802609713.DubbelaarML, KrachtL, EggenBJL, et al. The kaleidoscope of microglial phenotypes. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1753. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.017533010858614.NimmerjahnA, KirchhoffF, HelmchenF. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science. 2005;308(5726):1314–1318. doi:10.1126/science.11106471583171715.von BernhardiR, HerediaF, SalgadoN, et al. Microglia function in the normal brain. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;949:67.2771468516.CherryJD, OlschowkaJA, BanionMO. Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed. J Neuroinflammation. 2014;11(1):98. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-982488988617.Marin-TevaJL, DusartI, ColinC, et al. Microglia