| Optic nerve (CN II) | Optic neuritis, papilledema, or optic atrophy occurs in 25–30% of cases, potentially leading to visual impairment or blindness |
| Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) | Hearing loss and vertigo affect 7–15% of patients |
| Trigeminal nerve (CN V) | Facial numbness or pain in 5–10% of cases |
| Lower cranial nerves (CN IX–XII) | Dysphagia, dysphonia, and tongue weakness are less common but significant |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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