| Prenatal to adolescence | Soluble amyloid-beta levels are elevated; diffuse plaques appear in some individuals as early as age 12–15 |
| 20s–30s | Diffuse amyloid-beta plaques become widespread, particularly in frontal and temporal cortices |
| 30s–40s | Neuritic plaques with dense amyloid cores appear, accompanied by early cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy (CAA) |
| >40 years | Full AD neuropathology with extensive plaques, meeting Braak amyloid stages equivalent to moderate-to-severe AD |
| Prodromal phase (typically 30s–40s) | Subtle changes in adaptive behavior, apathy, executive dysfunction, and personality changes that may precede memory impairment |
| Early dementia (typically 40s–50s) | Progressive memory loss, disorientation, decline in activities of daily living, and language deterioration |
| Late dementia | Global cognitive decline, seizures (affecting 50–75% of DS-AD patients), incontinence, dysphagia, and loss of ambulation |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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