| Direct costs | Medical expenses, medications, hospitalizations, and professional services |
| Indirect costs | Lost productivity, reduced earning capacity, and informal caregiving |
| Intangible costs | Quality of life impacts that are difficult to monetize |
| Long-term care costs | Nursing home placement, home modifications, and assistive devices |
| Symptomatic treatments | Dopaminergic agents (levodopa, amantadine), antidepressants (SSRIs), and sleep medications |
| Disease-modifying trials | Currently no approved disease-modifying therapies, but patients may enroll in clinical trials |
| Comorbidity medications | For depression, hypertension, pain, and other age-related conditions |
| Average annual medication costs | $3,000-$8,000 depending on disease stage and comorbidities |
| Diagnostic workup | MRI, DaTscan, neuropsychological testing, and specialized movement disorder evaluation |
| Ongoing monitoring | Regular neurology follow-ups, imaging, and biomarker assessments |
| Differential diagnosis | Distinguishing from Parkinson's disease, MSA, and CBD |
| Average diagnostic costs | $5,000-$15,000 in the first year |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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