| Cortical dysfunction | Motor cortex and supplementary motor area involvement affecting voluntary breathing control |
| Basal ganglia pathways | Disruption of automatic breathing regulation |
| Brainstem nuclei | Involvement of respiratory centers in the medulla and pons |
| Corticobulbar tract | Impaired voluntary respiratory muscle control, particularly affecting bulbar-innervated muscles |
| Autonomic nuclei | Dysregulation of autonomic respiratory control |
| Voluntary breathing | Reduced ability to consciously modify breathing pattern |
| Automatic breathing | Abnormal automatic ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia |
| Motor planning | Difficulty coordinating respiratory movements with speech and swallowing |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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