| Dopaminergic system | Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area disrupts sleep-wake regulation and contributes to restless legs syndrome |
| Cholinergic system | Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and pedunculopontine nucleus impairs arousal and REM sleep generation |
| Noradrenergic system | Locus coeruleus dysfunction disrupts norepinephrine-mediated arousal and attention |
| Serotonergic system | Raphe nucleus degeneration affects sleep initiation and maintenance[^14] |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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