| Prevalence | 0.3-1% of children and adolescents |
| Age of onset | 4-6 years (peak tic severity at 10-12 years) |
| Sex ratio | Males are affected 3-4 times more frequently than females |
| Course | Tics typically peak in severity during early adolescence and often improve in adulthood, with approximately 50-80% of individuals experiencing significant tic reduction by age 18[@bloch2009] |
| Simple motor tics | Eye blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging, facial grimacing |
| Complex motor tics | Jumping, touching objects, copropraxia (obscene gestures), echopraxia (imitating others' movements) |
| Simple vocal tics | Throat clearing, coughing, sniffing, grunting |
| Complex vocal tics | Palilalia (repeating own words), coprolalia (uttering obscene words), echolalia (repeating others' words) |
| Temporal patterning | Tics often occur in bouts, with increased frequency during stress, excitement, or fatigue |
| Premonitory urges | Many individuals experience sensory premonitions (tingling, tension) that are relieved by performing the tic |
| Suggestibility | Tics can be temporarily suppressed but typically rebound after the suppressive period |
| Striatal hyper excitability | Abnormalities in dopaminergic signaling within the striatum lead to reduced inhibitory control over motor output |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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