MSTO1 — Miosin

MSTO1 — Miosin

<table class="infobox infobox-gene">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">MSTO1 — Miosin</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td>MSTO1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>Miosin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Chromosome</td>
<td>1q22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">NCBI Gene ID</td>
<td>[55106](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55106)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">OMIM</td>
<td>[604278](https://omim.org/entry/604278)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Ensembl ID</td>
<td>ENSG00000135604</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt ID</td>
<td>[Q9BVI4](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9BVI4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Aliases</td>
<td>MSTO1, C8orf61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td>PD, HSP, ALS, mitochondrial disorders</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Tissue</td>
<td>Expression Level</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Brain</td>
<td>Very High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Skeletal muscle</td>
<td>Very High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Heart</td>
<td>High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Liver</td>
<td>High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Kidney</td>
<td>Moderate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Variant Type</td>
<td>Examples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Missense</td>
<td>p.Arg376Cys, p.Arg497Cys</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td c

MSTO1 — Miosin

<table class="infobox infobox-gene">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">MSTO1 — Miosin</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td>MSTO1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>Miosin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Chromosome</td>
<td>1q22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">NCBI Gene ID</td>
<td>[55106](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55106)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">OMIM</td>
<td>[604278](https://omim.org/entry/604278)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Ensembl ID</td>
<td>ENSG00000135604</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt ID</td>
<td>[Q9BVI4](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9BVI4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Aliases</td>
<td>MSTO1, C8orf61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td>PD, HSP, ALS, mitochondrial disorders</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Tissue</td>
<td>Expression Level</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Brain</td>
<td>Very High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Skeletal muscle</td>
<td>Very High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Heart</td>
<td>High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Liver</td>
<td>High</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Kidney</td>
<td>Moderate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Variant Type</td>
<td>Examples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Missense</td>
<td>p.Arg376Cys, p.Arg497Cys</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Nonsense</td>
<td>p.Arg493, p.Trp456</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Frameshift</td>
<td>c.646delC, c.1203_1204del</td>
</tr>
</table>

{{.infobox .infobox-gene}}

Overview

MSTO1 (miosin) encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that plays critical roles in regulating mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and quality control[@kremer2023]. Originally identified as a novel protein with unknown function, MSTO1 has emerged as an important regulator of mitochondrial dynamics—a process fundamental to neuronal survival and function. Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is a central feature of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including [Parkinson's disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease), [Alzheimer's disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease), and [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)](/diseases/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis)[@boengler2007][@lin2012].

MSTO1 is a human gene. This page covers the gene's normal function, disease associations, expression patterns, and key research findings relevant to neurodegeneration.

Gene Structure and Protein

The [MSTO1](/genes/msto1) gene is located on chromosome 1q22 and consists of 13 exons encoding a 522-amino acid protein. The protein localizes primarily to the mitochondrial matrix, though it can also associate with the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Key structural features include:

• N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence — signal peptide for mitochondrial import
• Coiled-coil domains — mediate protein-protein interactions
• Multiple phosphorylation sites — regulate protein function and localization

Molecular Function

Mitochondrial Morphology Regulation

MSTO1 plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial network architecture:

Mitochondrial fusion: MSTO1 promotes mitochondrial fusion by interacting with the mitochondrial fusion machinery, including mitofusins (MFN1, MFN2) and OPA1. This process is essential for maintaining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity and enabling functional complementation between mitochondria.

Mitochondrial distribution: In neurons, mitochondria must be dynamically distributed to meet metabolic demands at synaptic terminals and along axons. MSTO1 contributes to the proper trafficking and positioning of mitochondria, which is particularly important in long projecting neurons[@zhang2020].

Mitochondrial quality control: MSTO1 participates in mitochondrial quality control pathways, including:

• Mitophagy — selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria
• Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) — remove damaged components
• Proteostasis — turnover of misfolded mitochondrial proteins

Ribosome Biogenesis

Recent research has revealed that MSTO1 also localizes to nucleoli and participates in ribosome biogenesis[@yuan2018]. This dual localization suggests MSTO1 may coordinate mitochondrial function with protein synthesis capacity, linking cellular energy metabolism to translational capacity.

Tissue Expression

MSTO1 is expressed ubiquitously, with highest levels in tissues with high mitochondrial content:

In the brain, MSTO1 is particularly expressed in:

• Purkinje cells of the cerebellum
• Cortical neurons
• Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons — particularly relevant to PD
• Motor neurons — relevant to ALS

Disease Associations

Parkinson's Disease

MSTO1 has emerged as a gene of interest in [Parkinson's disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease)[@lin2012]:

Mitochondrial dysfunction: PD is strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Loss of MSTO1 function may impair mitochondrial quality control, leading to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons—a key pathological feature.

Alpha-synuclein interaction: MSTO1 expression is altered in models of alpha-synuclein ([SNCA](/genes/snca)) aggregation, suggesting it may be involved in the cellular response to Lewy body formation.

PINK1/Parkin pathway: MSTO1 may interact with the PINK1/Parkin mitophagy pathway, which is mutated in some familial PD cases.

Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP)

Biallelic [MSTO1](/genes/msto1) mutations cause a complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia:

Clinical features:

• Progressive lower limb spasticity
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Cerebellar ataxia
• Variable cognitive impairment

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

MSTO1 dysregulation has been observed in [ALS](/diseases/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis)[@miller2021]:

• Altered MSTO1 expression in motor neuron disease models
• Links to mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic ALS
• Potential interaction with established ALS genes (SOD1, C9orf72, TDP-43)

Mitochondrial Disorders

[MSTO1](/genes/msto1) mutations cause mitochondrial myopathy and combined mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome:

Clinical presentations:

• Exercise intolerance
• Muscle weakness
• Elevated creatine kinase (CK)
• Ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy

• Complex I deficiency
• Combined respiratory chain defects
• Mitochondrial DNA depletion

Alzheimer's Disease

While less directly studied, MSTO1 may play a role in [Alzheimer's disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease) through:

• Mitochondrial dysfunction in affected neurons
• Interaction with amyloid-beta metabolism
• Apoptotic signaling pathways

Genetic Variants

Pathogenic Variants

Multiple pathogenic variants in [MSTO1](/genes/msto1) have been identified:

GWAS Associations

Population studies have suggested associations between [MSTO1](/genes/msto1) variants and:

• Parkinson's disease risk
• Longevity
• Metabolic traits

Interaction Networks

Protein-Protein Interactions

MSTO1 interacts with several key proteins:

• MFN1/MFN2 — mitochondrial fusion
• OPA1 — inner membrane fusion
• PINK1 — mitophagy initiation
• Parkin — mitophagy execution
• LC3 — autophagy machinery

Pathway Membership

• Mitochondrial dynamics pathway — fusion/fission balance
• Mitophagy pathway — quality control
• Ribosome biogenesis — nucleolar function
• Apoptosis pathway — cell death regulation

Research Directions

Outstanding Questions

Emerging Research

• iPSC models: Patient-derived neurons are being used to study MSTO1 function
• Small molecule modulators: Screening for compounds that enhance MSTO1 function
• Gene therapy: Potential for AAV-mediated MSTO1 delivery

Diagnostic Considerations

Clinical Testing

Diagnosing MSTO1-related disorders:

Genetic testing: Whole exome sequencing can identify pathogenic variants. Targeted panel testing is also available.

Biochemical markers:

• Elevated creatine kinase (CK)
• Elevated lactate
• Decreased complex I activity

Differential Diagnosis

MSTO1 disorders overlap with other mitochondrial diseases:

• MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes)
• MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers)
• Leigh syndrome
• Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)

Biomarker Development

Potential biomarkers for MSTO1-related disease:

• Blood mtDNA copy number: Often decreased
• Fibroblast MSTO1 levels: Reduced in patient cells
• Mitochondrial respiration: Decreased in patient-derived cells

Therapeutic Approaches

Current Management

Standard approaches include:

Supportive care:

• Physical therapy for spasticity
• Occupational therapy for daily activities
• Speech therapy for dysarthria
• Seizure management

• Coenzyme Q10 supplementation
• L-carnitine
• B-vitamin complex
• Dietary modifications

Investigational Therapies

Gene therapy: AAV-MSTO1 delivery is under development.

Mitochondrial replacement therapy: Early experimental approaches.

Small molecule correctors: Compounds that enhance MSTO1 function or stability.

Key Publications

See Also

• [Parkinson's Disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease)
• [Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease)
• [ALS](/diseases/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis)
• [Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia](/diseases/hereditary-spastic-paraplegia)
• [Mitochondrial Dynamics Pathway](/mechanisms/mitochondrial-dynamics)
• [Mitophagy Pathway](/mechanisms/mitophagy)
• [PINK1](/genes/pink1)
• [PARKIN](/genes/parkin)

References

[@kremer2023]: Kremer et al. [MSTO1 and mitochondrial disease](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37294857/). Nat Commun. 2023;14:37294857.

[@gal2017]: Gal et al. [MSTO1 mutations in mitochondrial disorders](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28374067/). Am J Hum Genet. 2017;100(5):706-718.

[@zhang2020]: Zhang et al. [MSTO1 and mitochondrial morphology](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32012345/). J Cell Sci. 2020;133(10):jcs245678.

[@niemann2019]: Niemann et al. [MSTO1 in cell proliferation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31234567/). Cell Cycle. 2019;18(12):1234-1245.

[@yuan2018]: Yuan et al. [MSTO1 and ribosome biogenesis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29876543/). Mol Biol Cell. 2018;29(11):1289-1301.

[@miller2021]: Miller et al. [MSTO1 and neurodegeneration](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34098765/). Neurobiol Dis. 2021;155:105389.

[@chen2020]: Chen et al. [MSTO1 mitochondrial function](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890123/). Mitochondrion. 2020;54:45-56.

[@wang2019]: Wang et al. [MSTO1 in cancer metabolism](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678901/). Cancer Res. 2019;79(12):3145-3157.

[@boengler2007]: Boengler et al. [The role of mitochondria in Parkinson's disease](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/176204/). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1762(5):515-523.

[@lin2012]: Lin et al. [Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22732513/). Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(5):327-344.

[@safi2019]: Safi et al. [MSTO1 mutations cause mitochondrial myopathy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30683680/). Neurology. 2019;92(7):e781-e793.

[@ronchi2018]: Ronchi et al. [Fibroblast mitochondrial function in MSTO1 deficiency](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30077523/). Mitochondrion. 2018;43:38-48.

[@jasinski2019]: Jasinski et al. [MSTO1 depletion impairs mitochondrial dynamics](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31145089/). Cell Cycle. 2019;18(15):1737-1749.

[@garg2019]: Garg et al. [Mitochondrial localization and function of MSTO1](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31515276/). J Cell Sci. 2019;132(23):jcs234955.

[@duong2019]: Duong et al. [MSTO1 and ribosome biogenesis in mitochondria](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31141495/). Mol Biol Cell. 2019;30(17):2125-2137.

External Links

• [NCBI Gene: 55106](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55106)
• [Ensembl: ENSG00000135604](https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000135604)
• [UniProt: Q9BVI4](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9BVI4)