Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of the phases of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HI...

Diagrammatic representation of the phases of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). After hypoxic-ischemic injury in the normal neonatal brain (white), phase I of HIE (yellow) includes primary energy failure in the neural tissue. The phase I energy failure has a latent period (bi-directional arrow) ranging from 6 h to 15 h (depending upon the severity of the injury), which is a transition period with chances of resolving the issue of primary energy failure due to restoration of blood flow by alternative reperfusion events in the body. Hence, the latent period is also considered the best time for starting a therapy or intervention for treating HIE. If the primary energy failure is unresolved, it leads to phase II of HIE (light orange) with secondary energy failure, overwhelming inflammation, and neural dysfunction. The phase II HIE events are highly devastating and could lead to the phase III HIE (orange) with damaged brain tissue and brain dysfunction, which cause disability or death i

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