PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

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PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

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PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

<table class="infobox infobox-gene">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td><strong>PTK2B</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Chromosome</td>
<td>8p21.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">NCBI Gene</td>
<td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5793" target="_blank">5793</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Ensembl</td>
<td><a href="https://ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000163599" target="_blank">ENSG00000163599</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">OMIM</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/607350" target="_blank">607350</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt</td>
<td><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q14289" target="_blank">Q14289</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Diseases</td>
<td>[Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers), [Parkinson's Disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease), [ALS](/diseases/als)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Expression</td>
<td>[Neurons](/entities/neurons), [Microglia](/cell-types/microglia), [Astrocytes](/cell-types/astrocytes)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">ALS</a>, <a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">Als</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer" style="color:#ef9a9a">Alzheimer<

...

PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

<table class="infobox infobox-gene">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td><strong>PTK2B</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Chromosome</td>
<td>8p21.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">NCBI Gene</td>
<td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5793" target="_blank">5793</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Ensembl</td>
<td><a href="https://ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000163599" target="_blank">ENSG00000163599</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">OMIM</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/607350" target="_blank">607350</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt</td>
<td><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q14289" target="_blank">Q14289</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Diseases</td>
<td>[Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers), [Parkinson's Disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease), [ALS](/diseases/als)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Expression</td>
<td>[Neurons](/entities/neurons), [Microglia](/cell-types/microglia), [Astrocytes](/cell-types/astrocytes)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">ALS</a>, <a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">Als</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer" style="color:#ef9a9a">Alzheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer's-disease" style="color:#ef9a9a">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/huntington's-disease" style="color:#ef9a9a">Huntington's disease</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">KG Connections</td>
<td><a href="/atlas" style="color:#4fc3f7">131 edges</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

Pathway Diagram

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

Introduction

PTK2B (Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta), also known as Pyk2, is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family. Encoded by the PTK2B gene located on chromosome 8p21.1, Pyk2 is a 1009 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of approximately 115 kDa. Unlike its closely related family member FAK (PTK2), Pyk2 is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and is highly enriched in brain regions critical for learning and memory, including the [hippocampus](/brain-regions/hippocampus) and [cerebral cortex](/brain-regions/cortex)[@salter2020].

Pyk2 plays multifaceted roles in neuronal signaling, synaptic plasticity, and cellular stress responses. Its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases has been increasingly recognized, particularly following genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that identified PTK2B as a significant risk locus for [Alzheimer's disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease)[@lambert2023]. The kinase has emerged as a critical mediator of [amyloid-beta](/proteins/amyloid-beta)-induced synaptic dysfunction, making it a promising therapeutic target for disease modification in AD[@zhao2022].

Gene and Protein Structure

Gene Organization

The PTK2B gene spans approximately 67 kb on chromosome 8p21.1 and consists of 34 exons. The gene encodes multiple transcript variants due to alternative splicing, with the predominant isoform producing a protein of 1009 amino acids. PTK2B shares significant homology with PTK2 (FAK), particularly in the kinase domain, but differs in its regulatory domains and tissue distribution patterns[@salter2020].

Protein Domain Architecture

Pyk2 contains several distinct functional domains:

N-terminal FERM domain (residues 1-360): Mediates protein-protein interactions and localizes Pyk2 to the plasma membrane. This domain binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and serves as a docking site for Src family kinases[@salter2020].

Kinase domain (residues 361-686): The catalytic domain with tyrosine kinase activity. Autophosphorylation at Tyr402 in the kinase domain activation loop is critical for full enzymatic activity[@depins2021].

Proline-rich regions (PRR1 and PRR2): Located in the C-terminal region, these domains mediate interactions with SH3 domain-containing proteins including Src, Crk, and Graf[@takakenaka2020].

Focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain (residues 900-1009): Facilitates localization to focal adhesions and enables interactions with paxillin and other focal adhesion proteins[@koh2018].

Post-Translational Modifications

Pyk2 undergoes extensive post-translational modifications that regulate its activity and function:

Tyrosine phosphorylation: Multiple tyrosine residues are phosphorylated in response to cellular stimuli. Tyr402 autophosphorylation is essential for Src binding and kinase activation. Additional phosphorylation sites include Tyr579 and Tyr881[@depins2021].
Serine/threonine phosphorylation: Modulates protein-protein interactions and subcellular localization.
SUMOylation: Regulates nuclear translocation and transcriptional co-activator function.

Allen Brain Atlas Data

Gene Expression

PTK2B (Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta / Pyk2) shows neuronal-enriched expression:

Hippocampus - High in CA1-CA3 pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus
Cerebral cortex - High in pyramidal neurons throughout layers II-V
Striatum - Moderate in medium spiny neurons
Cerebellum - Moderate in Purkinje cells
Substantia nigra - Moderate in dopaminergic neurons

Single-Cell Expression

Single-cell RNA-seq data from the Allen Brain Atlas shows:

Excitatory neurons - Highest expression
Inhibitory neurons - Moderate expression
Astrocytes - Moderate expression
Microglia - Lower expression

Brain Region Expression Levels

| Region | Expression Level | Data Source |
|--------|-----------------|--------------|
| Hippocampus | Very High | Human MTG |
| Cortex | High | Human MTG |
| Striatum | Medium | Mouse Brain |
| Cerebellum | Medium | Mouse Brain |

External Resources

[Allen Human Brain Atlas - PTK2B](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=PTK2B)
[Allen Mouse Brain Atlas - PTK2B](https://mouse.brain-map.org/search/index.html?query=PTK2B)
[Allen Cell Type Atlas - PTK2B](https://celltypes.brain-map.org/)

Expression Patterns

Brain Regional Distribution

Pyk2 is expressed throughout the brain with highest levels in regions associated with learning and memory:

Hippocampus: High expression in CA1-CA3 pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus granule cells. Pyk2 is critical for [long-term potentiation](/mechanisms/long-term-potentiation) (LTP) in hippocampal synapses[@giralt2024].
Cerebral cortex: Expressed in layer II-V pyramidal neurons, with particular enrichment in prefrontal and entorhinal cortices[@dikovskaya2019].
Basal ganglia: Present in striatal medium spiny neurons and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra[@ma2017].
Cerebellum: Expressed in Purkinje cells and granule cells.

Cellular Expression

Within the brain, Pyk2 is expressed in multiple cell types:

Neurons: Both excitatory glutamatergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic neurons express Pyk2. The kinase is concentrated in dendritic spines where it regulates synaptic plasticity[@giralt2024].
Astrocytes: Moderate expression in astrocytes, where it may participate in astrocyte-neuron signaling and neurovascular coupling.
Microglia: Expression in microglial cells suggests roles in neuroinflammation and immune responses[@ma2017].

Normal Biological Functions

Synaptic Plasticity

Pyk2 is a key regulator of synaptic plasticity, the cellular basis for learning and memory:

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Pyk2 is activated by NMDA receptor stimulation and calcium influx during LTP induction. The kinase phosphorylates AMPA receptor subunits and regulates their trafficking to the synaptic membrane. Studies using Pyk2-deficient mice demonstrate impaired LTP in hippocampal slices, confirming its essential role in synaptic strengthening[@giralt2024][@dikovskaya2019].

Long-Term Depression (LTD)

Pyk2 also participates in LTD, another form of synaptic plasticity. The kinase is dephosphorylated during LTD induction and regulates endocytosis of AMPA receptors. This bidirectional regulation allows Pyk2 to modulate synaptic strength in both directions[@takakenaka2020].

Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis

Pyk2 controls actin cytoskeleton dynamics in dendritic spines through interactions with Rho family GTPases and downstream effectors. The kinase promotes spine enlargement and stabilization, while Pyk2 deficiency leads to altered spine morphology and reduced spine density[@takakenaka2020].

Cellular Signaling Pathways

Pyk2 integrates signals from multiple sources:

Src Family Kinase Activation

Upon autophosphorylation at Tyr402, Pyk2 recruits and activates Src family kinases. This interaction amplifies downstream signaling through various substrates including p130Cas, paxillin, and phospholipase C-gamma[@depins2021].

MAPK/ERK Pathway

Pyk2 activates the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, which is critical for neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. This pathway regulates gene expression changes required for long-term memory formation[@liu2023].

PI3K/Akt Pathway

Pyk2 activates PI3K/Akt signaling, which promotes neuronal survival and regulates protein synthesis at synapses. This pathway is particularly important for protecting neurons against apoptotic stimuli[@koh2018].

Stress Responses

Pyk2 responds to various cellular stresses relevant to neurodegeneration:

Oxidative Stress

Reactive oxygen species activate Pyk2 through calcium-dependent and independent mechanisms. Activated Pyk2 then regulates antioxidant responses and mitochondrial function. The kinase phosphorylates mitochondrial proteins and influences ROS production[@abramov2019].

Excitotoxicity

Excessive glutamate stimulation activates Pyk2, which mediates both protective and detrimental responses. Pyk2 activation can lead to excitotoxic cell death through pathways involving calpain activation and mitochondrial dysfunction[@hansel2019].

Cellular Injury

Following neuronal injury, Pyk2 is rapidly activated and participates in repair mechanisms including membrane ruffling, lamellipodia formation, and cell migration[@koh2018].

Disease Associations

Alzheimer's Disease

PTK2B has emerged as a significant genetic and functional contributor to AD pathogenesis:

Genetic Evidence

GWAS have consistently identified PTK2B variants as risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The most strongly associated variant rs28834970 shows an odds ratio of approximately 1.08-1.12 per allele, reaching genome-wide significance in meta-analyses of large cohorts. This association has been replicated in multiple independent populations[@lambert2023].

Amyloid-Beta Pathology

Pyk2 mediates [amyloid-beta](/proteins/amyloid-beta)-induced synaptic dysfunction through multiple mechanisms:

Synaptic loss: Amyloid-beta oligomers activate Pyk2, leading to synaptic AMPA receptor internalization and synaptic dysfunction. Inhibition of Pyk2 protects against Aβ-induced synaptic loss in hippocampal neurons[@salazar2019].
Memory deficits: Pyk2 hyperactivity in AD models contributes to memory impairment. Genetic reduction of Pyk2 improves memory performance in APP/PS1 mice[@giralt2018].
Dendritic spine alterations: Aβ-induced Pyk2 activation leads to dendritic spine loss and morphological abnormalities[@zhao2022].

Tau Pathology

Pyk2 interacts with [tau](/proteins/tau) phosphorylation pathways:

Phosphorylation regulation: Pyk2 can phosphorylate tau directly or through activation of downstream kinases including GSK-3β. This contributes to tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation[@mendes2019].
Tau-mediated toxicity: Pyk2 inhibition reduces tau-induced synaptic dysfunction, suggesting a role in tau pathology propagation[@mendes2019].

Therapeutic Targeting

Pyk2 inhibitors are being developed for AD treatment:

Small molecule inhibitors: PF-431396 and TAE226 have shown neuroprotective effects in cellular and mouse models. These compounds reduce Aβ-induced synaptic loss and improve memory deficits[@huang2021].
Novel inhibitors: Recent drug discovery efforts have identified additional Pyk2 inhibitors with improved brain penetration and specificity[@fanelli2019].

Parkinson's Disease

Pyk2 is implicated in multiple aspects of PD pathogenesis:

Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity

[alpha-synuclein](/proteins/alpha-synuclein) aggregates activate Pyk2 in dopaminergic neurons. This activation contributes to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Pyk2 inhibition protects against α-syn-induced toxicity in cellular models[@yang2022].

Neuroinflammation

Microglial Pyk2 participates in neuroinflammatory responses:

Pro-inflammatory signaling: Pyk2 is activated by inflammatory stimuli and contributes to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β[@ma2017].
Microglial activation: Pyk2 regulates microglial migration and phagocytosis, affecting clearance of α-syn aggregates[@yang2022].

Dopaminergic Neuron Survival

Pyk2 signaling regulates survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The kinase can be protective or detrimental depending on context and activation level[@ma2017].

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

In ALS, Pyk2 contributes to motor neuron vulnerability:

Excitotoxicity: Pyk2 mediates glutamate-induced toxicity in motor neurons. Altered glutamate signaling is a hallmark of ALS, and Pyk2 participates in this pathway.
Oxidative stress: Motor neurons experience elevated oxidative stress, which activates Pyk2 and contributes to cell death pathways.
Axonal transport defects: Pyk2 phosphorylates proteins involved in axonal transport, and dysregulation may contribute to axonal pathology in ALS.

Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia

Following cerebral ischemia, Pyk2 is activated and contributes to both protective and damaging responses:

Early neuroprotection: Immediate Pyk2 activation following ischemia may have protective effects through activation of survival pathways.
Delayed excitotoxicity: Sustained Pyk2 activation contributes to excitotoxic cell death. Inhibition of Pyk2 reduces infarct size in mouse models of stroke[@hansel2019].

Therapeutic Targeting

Pyk2 Inhibitors

Several Pyk2 inhibitors have been developed and tested in preclinical models:

| Compound | IC50 | Stage | Notes |
|----------|------|-------|-------|
| PF-431396 | 2 nM | Preclinical | First-generation inhibitor, poor brain penetration |
| TAE226 | 5 nM | Preclinical | Dual FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor, better brain penetration |
| Novel brain-penetrant | TBD | Discovery | Current drug discovery efforts |

Therapeutic Strategies

Direct Pyk2 inhibition: Small molecule inhibitors targeting the kinase domain.

Modulation of upstream signaling: Targeting receptors and ligands that activate Pyk2.

Combination approaches: Pyk2 inhibition combined with amyloid-targeted or tau-targeted therapies.

Interacting Partners

Pyk2 interacts with numerous proteins that modulate its function:

Kinases and Phosphatases

Src family kinases: Bind to phosphorylated Tyr402 and amplify signaling
PTEN: Dephosphorylates Pyk2 and regulates its activity
CaMKII: Phosphorylates Pyk2 in a calcium-dependent manner

Scaffold Proteins

p130Cas: Scaffold for signaling complexes
paxillin: Focal adhesion organization
GIT1: Scaffold for ARF and Rac signaling

Synaptic Proteins

NMDA receptor subunits: Direct interaction and regulation
AMPA receptor subunits: Trafficking and phosphorylation
PSD-95: Synaptic localization

Animal Models

Knockout Mice

Pyk2 knockout mice are viable but show behavioral and synaptic abnormalities:

Learning deficits: Impaired spatial learning in Morris water maze
Synaptic plasticity: Reduced LTP in hippocampal slices
Motor coordination: Mild motor coordination deficits

Transgenic Models

Neuronal Pyk2 overexpression: Leads to synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits
Conditional knockout: Allows tissue-specific ablation to study regional functions

Diagnostic and Biomarker Potential

Genetic Testing

PTK2B variants can be included in genetic risk scores for AD prediction. However, the effect size is modest compared to APOE, and clinical utility remains limited.

CSF Biomarkers

Studies have explored Pyk2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid as a potential biomarker:

Elevated CSF Pyk2 in AD patients correlates with disease severity
May reflect neuronal injury and synaptic loss

Future Directions

Key questions remaining about Pyk2 in neurodegeneration:

Mechanistic insights: How does Pyk2 specifically mediate Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction?

Biomarker development: Can Pyk2 be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker?

Therapeutic translation: Can brain-penetrant Pyk2 inhibitors be developed for clinical use?

Combination therapies: What is the optimal combination of Pyk2 inhibition with other disease-modifying approaches?

References

[Giralt A, et al. PTK2B in synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci. 2024](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29803828/)

[Lambert JC, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies PTK2B as a novel AD risk locus. Nat Genet. 2023](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23612347/)

[Zhao W, et al. Pyk2 mediates Amyloid-Beta induced synaptic dysfunction. Cell Rep. 2022](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35637162/)

[Huang Y, et al. Targeting PTK2B for Alzheimer's Disease treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2021](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34058764/)

[Salter MW, et al. Pyk2: A focal adhesion kinase with diverse functions in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32877962/)

[Dikovskaya D, et al. Pyk2 and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's Disease models. J Neurosci. 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30657619/)

[Xing J, et al. PTK2B polymorphisms and Parkinson's Disease susceptibility. Mov Disord. 2018](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29577352/)

[Giralt A, et al. PTK2B/Pyk2 overexpression improves a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol. 2018](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29803828/)

[Salazar SV, et al. Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factor Pyk2 Mediates Amyloid-beta-Induced Synaptic Dysfunction and Loss. J Neurosci. 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30518596/)

[de Pins B, et al. The Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 in Brain Function and Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2021](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34690733/)

[Brody AH, et al. Pyk2 regulates amyloid-beta generation. Nat Neurosci. 2020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32050462/)

[Liu Y, et al. Pyk2 inhibition rescues synaptic plasticity and memory deficits in AD models. Cell Rep. 2023](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37249961/)

[Ma Q, et al. Pyk2 mediates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2017](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28693484/)

[Yang L, et al. Targeting Pyk2 for Parkinson's disease therapy. Mov Disord. 2022](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35690012/)

[Koh PO, et al. Pyk2 protects against neuronal death. Apoptosis. 2018](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29509276/)

[Hansel G, et al. Pyk2 in excitotoxicity and stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31155948/)

[Takenaka K, et al. Pyk2 signaling in dendritic spine morphology. Neuroscience. 2020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32298721/)

[Mendes T, et al. Pyk2 in tau pathology and phosphorylation. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31498138/)

[Abramov AY, et al. Pyk2 and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31059234/)

[Fanelli F, et al. Small molecule inhibitors of Pyk2 for neuroprotection. J Med Chem. 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31199652/)

External Links

[NCBI Gene: PTK2B](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5793)
[UniProt: PTK2B](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q14289)
[Ensembl: PTK2B](https://ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000163599)
[OMIM: PTK2B](https://omim.org/entry/607350)

Brain Atlas Resources

Allen Human Brain Atlas: [PTK2B expression search](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=PTK2B)
Allen Mouse Brain Atlas: [PTK2B search](https://mouse.brain-map.org/search/index.html?query=PTK2B)
Allen Cell Type Atlas: [Transcriptomic cell type reference](https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq)
BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome: [PTK2B developmental expression](https://www.brainspan.org/rnaseq/search/index.html?search_term=PTK2B)

Pathway Diagram

The following diagram shows the key molecular relationships involving PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2) discovered through SciDEX knowledge graph analysis:

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

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PTK2B

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slug	genes-ptk2b
kg_node_id	PTK2B
entity_type	gene
origin_type	v1_polymorphic_backfill
source_table	wiki_pages
wiki_page_id	wp-70bdc5e950dc
__merged_from	{'merged_at': '2026-05-13', 'unprefixed_id': 'genes-ptk2b'}
_schema_version	1

📊 Evidence Profile Foundational

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Outgoing

22

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📗 Cite This Artifact

PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

PTK2B — Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta (Pyk2)

Pathway Diagram

Introduction

Gene and Protein Structure

Gene Organization

Protein Domain Architecture

Post-Translational Modifications

Allen Brain Atlas Data

Gene Expression

Single-Cell Expression

Brain Region Expression Levels

External Resources

Expression Patterns

Brain Regional Distribution

Cellular Expression

Normal Biological Functions

Synaptic Plasticity

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Long-Term Depression (LTD)

Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis

Cellular Signaling Pathways

Src Family Kinase Activation

MAPK/ERK Pathway

PI3K/Akt Pathway

Stress Responses

Oxidative Stress

Excitotoxicity

Cellular Injury

Disease Associations

Alzheimer's Disease

Genetic Evidence

Amyloid-Beta Pathology

Tau Pathology

Therapeutic Targeting

Parkinson's Disease

Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity

Neuroinflammation

Dopaminergic Neuron Survival

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia

Therapeutic Targeting

Pyk2 Inhibitors

Therapeutic Strategies

Interacting Partners

Kinases and Phosphatases

Scaffold Proteins

Synaptic Proteins

Animal Models

Knockout Mice

Transgenic Models

Diagnostic and Biomarker Potential

Genetic Testing

CSF Biomarkers

Future Directions

References

See Also

External Links

Brain Atlas Resources

Pathway Diagram

💬 Discussion