| Gene Symbol | BIOMARKERS |
| Apoptotic cells | Regular programmed cell death |
| Necrotic cells | Due to injury or disease |
| Active secretion | Active release of DNA |
| Extracellular traps | NETosis in neutrophils |
| Size | 180 bp fragments (nucleosomal units) in healthy individuals |
| Longer fragments | >1000 bp in cancer,某些 disease states |
| Origin | Tissue-specific methylation patterns identify source |
| mtDNA copy number | Altered in AD, PD, HD |
| mtDNA deletions | Accumulate with age and disease |
| Circulating mtDNA | Activates inflammatory responses |
| Methylation patterns | Identify tissue of origin |
| 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) | Neuronal markers |
| Fragmentation patterns | Disease-specific signatures |
| Associated Diseases | Neurocognitive Disorders, Prostate Cancer, ALS, Frailty, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Inclusion Body Myositis |
| KG Connections | 2 knowledge graph edges |
| Databases | GeneCardsUniProtNCBI GeneHPASTRING |
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