Multifunctional hydrogel delivery of mesenchymal stem cell secretome suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation and promotes diabetic wound healing via PGE2/BMAL1 pathway.

Excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) significantly impedes diabetic wound healing. Although conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM) has shown therapeutic potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunosuppressive properties, its regulatory effects on NETs remain poorly understood. Herein, this study systematically investigates the impact of MSC-CM, particularly conditioned medium of hypoxia-conditioned MSCs (HCM), on NET formation and diabeti...