Stress granules at the crossroads of retroviral replication and antiviral immunity: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein aggregates that form in response to cellular stress and function as key regulators of mRNA translation, stability, and antiviral defense. Increasing evidence demonstrates that retroviruses, including HIV-1, HTLV-1, and other oncogenic retroviruses, interact extensively with stress granule pathways to promote viral replication, persistence, and immune evasion. This review summarizes current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms gover...