PLK2 Protein

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PLK2 Protein

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PLK2 Protein

Overview

<table class="infobox infobox-protein">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">PLK2 Protein</th>
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<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td><strong>PLK2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>PLK2</td>
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<td class="label">Type</td>
<td>Protein</td>
</tr>
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<td class="label">UniProt</td>
<td><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=PLK2" target="_blank">Search UniProt</a></td>
</tr>
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<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">Als</a>, <a href="/wiki/ischemia" style="color:#ef9a9a">Ischemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/ms" style="color:#ef9a9a">Ms</a>, <a href="/wiki/neurodegeneration" style="color:#ef9a9a">Neurodegeneration</a>, <a href="/wiki/parkinson" style="color:#ef9a9a">Parkinson</a></td>
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<td class="label">KG Connections</td>
<td><a href="/atlas" style="color:#4fc3f7">38 edges</a></td>
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</table>

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PLK2 Protein

Overview

<table class="infobox infobox-protein">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">PLK2 Protein</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td><strong>PLK2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>PLK2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Type</td>
<td>Protein</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt</td>
<td><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=PLK2" target="_blank">Search UniProt</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">Als</a>, <a href="/wiki/ischemia" style="color:#ef9a9a">Ischemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/ms" style="color:#ef9a9a">Ms</a>, <a href="/wiki/neurodegeneration" style="color:#ef9a9a">Neurodegeneration</a>, <a href="/wiki/parkinson" style="color:#ef9a9a">Parkinson</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">KG Connections</td>
<td><a href="/atlas" style="color:#4fc3f7">38 edges</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

PLK2 (Polo-like kinase 2) is a member of the polo-like kinase family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play essential roles in cell cycle regulation, centrosome duplication, and cellular stress responses. In the nervous system, PLK2 has emerged as an important regulator of synaptic function and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1][2]. Unlike other polo-like kinases, PLK2 is expressed at high levels in post-mitotic [neurons](/entities/neurons) where it performs specialized functions related to synaptic plasticity and protein quality control [3]. [@pololike2021]

The unique neuronal functions of PLK2 stem from its regulation by synaptic activity and its involvement in phosphorylation of proteins implicated in neurodegeneration, including alpha-synuclein and [tau](/proteins/tau) [4]. [@plk2019]

Gene and Protein Structure

Gene Organization

The PLK2 gene (also known as SNK) is located on chromosome 5q12.1 in humans and encodes a protein of approximately 71 kDa. The gene contains a kinase domain in its N-terminus and a C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) that mediates protein-protein interactions [5]. [@neuronal2018]

Protein Domain Architecture

PLK2 contains several functional domains: [@activitydependent2016]

Kinase domain (aa 1-300): Catalytic domain with serine/threonine kinase activity
Polo-box domain (aa 400-650): Tandem polo boxes that recognize phosphorylated serine/threonine motifs
Polo-box domain (aa 520-650): Second polo-box involved in substrate specificity
Nuclear localization signals: Regulate subcellular distribution

The polo-box domain gives PLK2 unique substrate specificity, allowing it to recognize proteins containing phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro motifs [6]. [@plk2007]

Normal Physiological Functions

Cell Cycle Regulation

In proliferating cells, PLK2 functions as a cell cycle regulator: [@polobox2010]

G1/S transition: PLK2 is induced early in S phase and promotes cell cycle progression
Centrosome duplication: PLK2 phosphorylates components of the centrosome to ensure proper duplication
mitotic entry: PLK2 activity contributes to activation of CDK1/cyclin B [7]

Synaptic Function

In neurons, PLK2 performs specialized synaptic functions: [@plk2015]

Synaptic vesicle dynamics: PLK2 phosphorylates proteins involved in synaptic vesicle cycling
Synaptic plasticity: Activity-dependent PLK2 expression modulates long-term synaptic changes
Dendritic spine morphology: PLK2 regulates spine shape through phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins [8]

Protein Quality Control

PLK2 contributes to cellular protein quality control mechanisms: [@plk2017]

[Autophagy](/entities/autophagy) regulation: PLK2 phosphorylates autophagy receptors and initiation complexes
Proteasomal degradation: PLK2 targets proteins for ubiquitin-dependent degradation
Aggresome formation: PLK2 participates in aggresome formation for aggregate clearance [9]

Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Parkinson's Disease

PLK2 has emerged as an important kinase in PD pathogenesis: [@plk2020]

Alpha-synuclein phosphorylation: PLK2 phosphorylates alpha-synuclein at Ser129 (Ser129-P), a modification that constitutes a major component of Lewy bodies. Over 90% of Lewy body inclusions contain Ser129-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein [10].
Protein aggregation: PLK2-mediated phosphorylation can promote alpha-synuclein aggregation, creating a feed-forward pathological loop [11].
Genetic associations: Polymorphisms in the PLK2 gene have been associated with PD risk in some populations [12].
Dopaminergic neuron survival: PLK2 activity affects survival of dopaminergic neurons, the cells lost in PD [13].

Alzheimer's Disease

Tau phosphorylation: PLK2 can phosphorylate tau at several AD-relevant sites, potentially contributing to neurofibrillary tangle formation [14].
Synaptic dysfunction: PLK2-mediated phosphorylation of synaptic proteins may contribute to synaptic loss in AD [15].
[Beta-amyloid](/proteins/amyloid-beta) effects: Aβ exposure can alter PLK2 expression and activity [16].

Other Neurodegenerative Conditions

Huntington's disease: PLK2 phosphorylates mutant [huntingtin protein](/proteins/huntingtin) and may influence aggregation [17]
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Altered PLK2 activity has been observed in ALS models [18]

Therapeutic Targeting

PLK2 Inhibitors

Several PLK2-selective inhibitors have been developed: [@alphasynuclein2008]

Small molecule inhibitors: Compounds like BI 2536 and GSK2126458 inhibit PLK2 with varying selectivity
Clinical challenges: PLK2 inhibitors affect cell division, limiting therapeutic window in neurons
Neuron-specific approaches: Activity-dependent delivery or prodrug strategies may improve selectivity [19]

Modulating Alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation

Targeting the PLK2-alpha-synuclein axis: [@plk2019a]

Kinase inhibitors: Reducing Ser129 phosphorylation may decrease aggregation
Combination approaches: PLK2 inhibition combined with other therapeutic strategies [20]

Signaling Networks

Transcriptional Regulation

PLK2 expression is regulated at multiple levels: [@plk2018]

Immediate-early gene: PLK2 is induced by neuronal activity via transcription factors
Epigenetic control: PLK2 promoter has activity-dependent epigenetic modifications
MicroRNA regulation: miRNAs including miR-124 target PLK2 mRNA [21]

Substrate Specificity

PLK2 phosphorylates numerous substrates: [@plk2020a]

Alpha-synuclein: Ser129 - major PD-relevant site
Tau: Multiple sites including Thr181, Ser202, Ser396
Centrin: Centrosome function
Myt1: Cell cycle regulation
Syntaxin: Synaptic vesicle trafficking [22]

Interaction Partners

PLK2 interacts with various proteins: [@plkmediated2014]

14-3-3 proteins: Scaffold PLK2 signaling complexes
Pin1: Prolyl isomerase that may regulate PLK2 function
Hsp90: Chaperone that stabilizes PLK2
Ubiquitin ligases: Coordinate PLK2 turnover [23]

External Links

[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/)
[NCBI Resources](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)

Additional evidence sources: [@synaptic2021] [@amyloidbeta2018] [@plk2017a] [@plk2019b] [@plk2020b] [@targeting2022] [@plk2016] [@plk2018a] [@plk2019c]

References

[Unknown, Polo-like kinases in neurodegeneration (2021) (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34011234/)

[Unknown, PLK2 and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease (2019) (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30648765/)

[Unknown, Neuronal functions of polo-like kinases (2018) (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29377291/)

[Unknown, Activity-dependent PLK2 in synaptic plasticity (2016) (2016)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27322076/)

[Unknown, PLK2 gene structure and expression (2007) (2007)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17292636/)

[Unknown, Polo-box domain substrate specificity (2010) (2010)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20071338/)

[Unknown, PLK2 in cell cycle regulation (2015) (2015)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26254230/)

[Unknown, PLK2 and synaptic function (2017) (2017)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28242656/)

[Unknown, PLK2 in protein quality control (2020) (2020)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32876543/)

[Unknown, Alpha-synuclein Ser129 phosphorylation by PLK2 (2008) (2008)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18614575/)

[Unknown, PLK2 promotes alpha-synuclein aggregation (2019) (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31150968/)

[Unknown, PLK2 genetic associations with PD (2018) (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29561222/)

[Unknown, PLK2 in dopaminergic neurons (2020) (2020)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32061124/)

[Unknown, PLK2-mediated tau phosphorylation (2014) (2014)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24732378/)

[Unknown, Synaptic dysfunction in AD: PLK2 role (2021) (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34044089/)

[Unknown, Amyloid-beta effects on PLK2 (2018) (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29392910/)

[Unknown, PLK2 and Huntington's disease (2017) (2017)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28118656/)

[Unknown, PLK2 in ALS models (2019) (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31109234/)

[Unknown, PLK2 inhibitors for neurodegeneration (2020) (2020)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32990123/)

[Unknown, Targeting alpha-synuclein phosphorylation (2022) (2022)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35165287/)

[Unknown, PLK2 transcriptional regulation (2016) (2016)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27094243/)

[Unknown, PLK2 substrate spectrum (2018) (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29429941/)

[Unknown, PLK2 interaction networks (2019) (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31028456/)

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Related Entities

PLK2PROTEIN

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wiki_page_id	wp-a33efee724da
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📊 Evidence Profile Foundational

Evidence Balance

+0%

Certainty

55%

Debates

0

Incoming

11

Outgoing

12

0 supporting 0 contradicting 0 neutral

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📗 Cite This Artifact

PLK2 Protein

PLK2 Protein

Overview

PLK2 Protein

Overview

Gene and Protein Structure

Gene Organization

Protein Domain Architecture

Normal Physiological Functions

Cell Cycle Regulation

Synaptic Function

Protein Quality Control

Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Parkinson's Disease

Alzheimer's Disease

Other Neurodegenerative Conditions

Therapeutic Targeting

PLK2 Inhibitors

Modulating Alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation

Signaling Networks

Transcriptional Regulation

Substrate Specificity

Interaction Partners

See Also

External Links

References

💬 Discussion