| Postural dysfunction | Abnormal postures with forward head flexion facilitate drooling |
| Medication effects | Some medications (particularly anticholinergics) can paradoxically increase drooling |
| Respiratory infections | Drooling increases risk of aspiration pneumonia |
| Daytime drooling | Most prominent during waking hours, often worse with talking or eating |
| Wet pillow sign | Nighttime drooling indicates more severe involvement |
| Anterior spillage | Most common pattern — saliva drips forward from the mouth |
| Lateral spillage | Associated with asymmetric orofacial involvement and mouth asymmetry |
| Video fluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) | Gold standard for evaluating oropharyngeal function and saliva management |
| Salivary flow measurement | May be useful in selected cases[@lahav2019] |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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