| Articulatory errors | Inconsistent phonemic distortions, particularly affecting consonant clusters |
| Groping behavior | Visible searching movements of the lips, tongue, and jaw during speech initiation |
| Sound substitutions | Phonemic paraphasias (e.g., "table" → "cable") |
| Prolonged phonemes | Abnormal prolongation of consonant sounds |
| Repeated attempts | Multiple attempts at self-correction |
| Reduced speech rate | Overall slowing of articulation[@johns2023][@du2022] |
| Premotor cortex (BA6) | Damage to lateral premotor regions involved in speech motor planning |
| Supplementary motor area (SMA) | Disruption of sequential speech movements |
| Left hemisphere predominance | AOS in CBS typically reflects left hemisphere cortical pathology |
| Reduced vocal loudness | Hypophonia, often asymmetric (more affected on the side of motor symptoms) |
| Monopitch | Decreased pitch variation |
| Monotone | Flat intonation patterns |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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