Bistratified Interneurons
<table class="infobox infobox-celltype">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">Bistratified Interneurons</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Allen Atlas ID</td>
<td><a href="https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq" target="_blank">CS202210140_3495</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Lineage</td>
<td>Neuron > GABAergic > Cortical interneuron > Bistratified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Markers</td>
<td>SST, GAD1, GAD2, NKCC1 (SLC12A2), CRHBP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Brain Regions</td>
<td>Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus CA1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Disease Vulnerability</td>
<td>[Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease), [Epilepsy](/diseases/epilepsy)</td>
</tr>
</table>
Bistratified Interneurons
Introduction
Bistratified Interneurons is an important component in the neurobiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This page provides detailed information about its structure, function, and role in disease processes.
Overview
Bistratified Interneurons are a specialized cell type classified within the Neuron > GABAergic > Cortical interneuron > Bistratified lineage. These cells are primarily found in Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus CA1 and are characterized by expression of marker genes including SST, GAD1, GAD2, NKCC1 (SLC12A2). They are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's Disease, Epilepsy.
<!-- taxonomy-enrichment -->
<!-- multi-taxonomy-enrichment -->
Multi-Taxonomy Classification
...Bistratified Interneurons
<table class="infobox infobox-celltype">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">Bistratified Interneurons</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Allen Atlas ID</td>
<td><a href="https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq" target="_blank">CS202210140_3495</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Lineage</td>
<td>Neuron > GABAergic > Cortical interneuron > Bistratified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Markers</td>
<td>SST, GAD1, GAD2, NKCC1 (SLC12A2), CRHBP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Brain Regions</td>
<td>Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus CA1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Disease Vulnerability</td>
<td>[Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease), [Epilepsy](/diseases/epilepsy)</td>
</tr>
</table>
Bistratified Interneurons
Introduction
Bistratified Interneurons is an important component in the neurobiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This page provides detailed information about its structure, function, and role in disease processes.
Overview
Bistratified Interneurons are a specialized cell type classified within the Neuron > GABAergic > Cortical interneuron > Bistratified lineage. These cells are primarily found in Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus CA1 and are characterized by expression of marker genes including SST, GAD1, GAD2, NKCC1 (SLC12A2). They are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's Disease, Epilepsy.
<!-- taxonomy-enrichment -->
<!-- multi-taxonomy-enrichment -->
Multi-Taxonomy Classification
Taxonomy Database Cross-References
| Taxonomy | ID | Name / Label |
|----------|----|---------------|
| Cell Ontology (CL) | [CL:0004247](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies/cl/classes/http%253A%252F%252Fpurl.obolibrary.org%252Fobo%252FCL_0004247) | bistratified cell |
PanglaoDB Marker Cross-References
External Database Links
- [Cell Ontology (CL:0004247)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies/cl/classes/http%253A%252F%252Fpurl.obolibrary.org%252Fobo%252FCL_0004247)
- [OBO Foundry (CL:0004247)](http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0004247)
- [Allen Brain Cell Atlas](https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/bkp/abc-atlas)
- [CellxGene Census](https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/)
- [Human Cell Atlas](https://www.humancellatlas.org/)
- [PanglaoDB](https://panglaodb.se/)
Taxonomy & Classification
| Database | ID | Name | Confidence |
|----------|----|------|------------|
| Cell Ontology | [CL:0004247](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies/cl/classes/http%253A%252F%252Fpurl.obolibrary.org%252Fobo%252FCL_0004247) | bistratified cell | Medium |
PanglaoDB Marker Cross-References
External Database Links
- [Cell Ontology (CL:0004247)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies/cl/classes/http%253A%252F%252Fpurl.obolibrary.org%252Fobo%252FCL_0004247)
- [OBO Foundry (CL:0004247)](http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0004247)
- [Allen Brain Cell Atlas](https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/bkp/abc-atlas)
- [CellxGene Census](https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/)
- [PanglaoDB](https://panglaodb.se/)
Morphology and Markers
Bistratified Interneurons are identified by the expression of the following key marker genes:
- SST
- GAD1
- GAD2
- NKCC1 (SLC12A2)
- CRHBP
These markers are used for immunohistochemical identification and single-cell RNA sequencing classification, as catalogued in the [Allen Cell Type Atlas](https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq).
Normal Function
Bistratified Interneurons play essential roles in neural circuits and brain function. They are found in the following brain regions:
- Cerebral cortex
- Hippocampus CA1
Their normal functions include maintaining neural circuit integrity, signal processing, and contributing to the homeostasis of their local microenvironment.
Vulnerability in Disease
Bistratified Interneurons show selective vulnerability in the following neurodegenerative conditions:
- [Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease)
- Epilepsy
The selective vulnerability of these cells is an active area of research, with factors including metabolic demands, calcium handling, exposure to toxic protein aggregates, and cell-autonomous gene expression programs contributing to their susceptibility.
Transcriptomic Profile
Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing studies have revealed the transcriptomic signature of Bistratified Interneurons. Key differentially expressed genes from the Allen Cell Type Atlas and related datasets include the marker genes listed above. These transcriptomic profiles help identify subtypes and disease-associated gene expression changes.
Key Publications
[Bistratified cells in hippocampal circuitry](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00457-x). Nat Rev Neurosci, 2021.
External Links
- Allen Cell Type Atlas: [https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq](https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq)
- Allen Human Brain Atlas: [https://human.brain-map.org/](https://human.brain-map.org/)
- [Cell Types Index](/cell-types)- [Diseases Index](/diseases)eases Index
- [Mechanisms Index](/mechanisms) --
Background
The study of Bistratified Interneurons has evolved significantly over the past decades. Research in this area has revealed important insights into the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration and continues to drive therapeutic development.
Historical context and key discoveries in this field have shaped our current understanding and will continue to guide future research directions.