BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

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BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

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BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

<table class="infobox infobox-gene">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td><strong>BIN1</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>Bridging Integrator 1 (Amphiphysin 2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Chromosome</td>
<td>2q14.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">NCBI Gene</td>
<td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/274" target="_blank">274</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Ensembl</td>
<td><a href="https://ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000136717" target="_blank">ENSG00000136717</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">OMIM</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/601248" target="_blank">601248</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt</td>
<td><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00499" target="_blank">O00499</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Diseases</td>
<td>[Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease), [Parkinson's Disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Expression</td>
<td>Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus, White matter, Cerebellum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-subheader" colspan="2">Key Variants</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="font-size:0.85em">rs6733839 (AD risk, OR ~1.20)<br>rs744373 (AD risk, OR ~1.17-1.19)<br>rs4663105 (AD risk, LD with rs744373)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td>

...

BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

<table class="infobox infobox-gene">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Symbol</td>
<td><strong>BIN1</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Full Name</td>
<td>Bridging Integrator 1 (Amphiphysin 2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Chromosome</td>
<td>2q14.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">NCBI Gene</td>
<td><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/274" target="_blank">274</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Ensembl</td>
<td><a href="https://ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000136717" target="_blank">ENSG00000136717</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">OMIM</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/601248" target="_blank">601248</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">UniProt</td>
<td><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00499" target="_blank">O00499</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Diseases</td>
<td>[Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease), [Parkinson's Disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Expression</td>
<td>Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus, White matter, Cerebellum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-subheader" colspan="2">Key Variants</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="font-size:0.85em">rs6733839 (AD risk, OR ~1.20)<br>rs744373 (AD risk, OR ~1.17-1.19)<br>rs4663105 (AD risk, LD with rs744373)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/alzheimer's-disease" style="color:#ef9a9a">ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE</a>, <a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">Als</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer" style="color:#ef9a9a">Alzheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer's-disease" style="color:#ef9a9a">Alzheimer's Disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer's-disease" style="color:#ef9a9a">Alzheimer's disease</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">KG Connections</td>
<td><a href="/atlas" style="color:#4fc3f7">234 edges</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

Pathway Diagram

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

Introduction

BIN1 (Bridging Integrator 1, also known as Amphiphysin 2, MYC box-dependent-interacting protein 1, or AMPH2) is a gene located on chromosome 2q14.3 that encodes a member of the BAR (Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) adapter protein family. BIN1 is the second most significant genetic risk locus for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) after [APOE](/proteins/apoe-protein), identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) published in 2010-2011 [@seshadri2010][@barod2011]. The protein is highly enriched in neurons and plays critical roles in synaptic vesicle endocytosis, membrane dynamics, and cytoskeletal organization.

Unlike [APOE](/proteins/apoe-protein), which influences AD risk primarily through effects on amyloid-beta ([Aβ](/proteins/amyloid-beta)) aggregation and clearance, BIN1 appears to mediate its effects predominantly through modulation of [tau](/proteins/tau) pathology. This distinction makes BIN1 a particularly interesting therapeutic target, as it represents a pathway that connects amyloid-independent mechanisms of neurodegeneration.

Gene Structure and Expression

Genomic Organization

The BIN1 gene spans approximately 65 kb of genomic DNA on the reverse strand of chromosome 2q14.3 (coordinates: chr2:127,170,000-127,235,000, GRCh38). It consists of 20 exons encoding multiple protein isoforms through alternative splicing. The gene produces at least 10 distinct isoforms with tissue-specific expression patterns, with the neuronal isoform (BIN1-isoform-1 or BIN1hi) being most relevant to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.

Brain Expression Patterns

BIN1 is expressed throughout the brain, with highest levels in:

[Cerebral cortex](/brain-regions/cortex) — particularly in pyramidal neurons (SLC17A7+) of layers II-IV
[Hippocampus](/brain-regions/hippocampus) — especially CA1 pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus granule cells
White matter — high expression in [oligodendrocytes](/cell-types/oligodendrocytes) and their precursor cells
[Cerebellum](/brain-regions/cerebellum) — moderate expression in Purkinje cells
Basal ganglia — moderate expression in striatal medium spiny neurons

Expression data is available from the [Allen Human Brain Atlas](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=BIN1), which provides detailed regional and cell-type-specific expression patterns across the human brain.

Allen Brain Atlas Data

Gene Expression

BIN1 (Bridging Integrator 1) shows widespread expression in the brain:

Cerebral cortex - High in pyramidal neurons
Hippocampus - High in CA regions and dentate gyrus
Striatum - Moderate in medium spiny neurons
Cerebellum - Moderate in Purkinje cells
White matter - High in oligodendrocytes

Single-Cell Expression

Single-cell RNA-seq data from the Allen Brain Atlas shows:

Excitatory neurons - Highest expression
Oligodendrocytes - High expression in mature cells
Astrocytes - Moderate, increases in reactive states
Microglia - Low baseline, increases in disease
Interneurons - Variable across subtypes

Brain Region Expression Levels

| Region | Expression Level | Data Source |
|--------|-----------------|--------------|
| Cortex | Very High | Human MTG |
| Hippocampus | High | Mouse Brain |
| Striatum | Medium | Mouse Brain |
| Cerebellum | Medium | Mouse Brain |
| White matter | High | Mouse Brain |

External Resources

[Allen Human Brain Atlas - BIN1](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=BIN1)
[Allen Mouse Brain Atlas - BIN1](https://mouse.brain-map.org/search/index.html?query=BIN1)
[Allen Cell Type Atlas - BIN1](https://celltypes.brain-map.org/)

Single-Cell Expression

Single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed BIN1 expression across multiple cell types:

Neurons — highest expression in excitatory pyramidal neurons
Astrocytes — moderate expression, increases in reactive astrocytes
[Oligodendrocytes](/cell-types/oligodendrocytes) — high expression in mature oligodendrocytes
[Microglia](/cell-types/microglia) — low baseline expression, increases in disease states
Interneurons — variable expression across different subtypes

Protein Structure and Function

Domain Architecture

The BIN1 protein contains several functional domains that mediate its diverse cellular roles:

BAR Domain (N-terminal, ~250 amino acids) — The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs domain senses and induces membrane curvature. This domain forms homodimers that can tubulate membranes, making it essential for endocytosis and the formation of membrane tubules during vesicle biogenesis. The BAR domain also mediates BIN1 localization to curved membrane regions, including the necks of budding clathrin-coated vesicles [@iancu2005].

Clathrin-AP2 Binding Domain (CLAP) — This domain mediates interaction with the clathrin endocytic machinery. The CLAP domain specifically binds to clathrin heavy chain and the AP-2 adaptor complex, facilitating the recruitment of clathrin to sites of vesicle formation. This domain is present only in brain-specific isoforms, explaining the neuronal specificity of certain BIN1 functions.

MYC-Binding Domain (MBD) — Located in the central region of the protein, this domain interacts with the c-Myc transcription factor. While originally characterized in the context of tumor suppression, the MBD domain may also play roles in regulating gene expression in neurons under pathological conditions.

SH3 Domain (C-terminal, ~60 amino acids) — The Src Homology 3 domain mediates protein-protein interactions with proline-rich motifs. Critically, the SH3 domain directly binds to the proline-rich region of [tau](/proteins/tau) protein, providing a molecular mechanism for the BIN1-tau relationship central to AD pathogenesis. The SH3 domain also interacts with dynamin, synaptojanin, and other endocytic proteins [@barod2011].

Alternative Splicing Generates Functional Diversity

BIN1 undergoes extensive alternative splicing, producing isoforms with distinct functions:

BIN1-isoform-1 (BIN1hi) — The neuronal isoform, characterized by inclusion of the CLAP domain. This isoform is specifically expressed in brain and is the predominant form in neurons. It plays critical roles in synaptic function and is the isoform most strongly linked to AD risk.
BIN1-isoform-2 (BIN1lo) — The ubiquitous isoform, expressed in all tissues. This isoform lacks the CLAP domain and is involved in general cellular functions including membrane trafficking and cell division.
Additional isoforms — Various other isoforms exist with tissue-specific distribution, some including or excluding specific protein interaction domains.

Cellular Roles in the Brain

Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

BIN1 plays a central role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, one of the primary mechanisms for internalization of extracellular materials and membrane proteins. At presynaptic terminals, BIN1 performs several critical functions:

Vesicle nucleation — BIN1 recruits clathrin triskelions to the plasma membrane, initiating the formation of clathrin-coated pits.

Membrane curvature — Through its BAR domain, BIN1 senses and induces membrane curvature, facilitating the invagination necessary for vesicle formation.

Dynamin recruitment — BIN1 directly interacts with dynamin, the GTPase that catalyzes vesicle scission from the plasma membrane.

Cargo selection — BIN1 interacts with adaptor proteins that select cargo molecules for internalization, including synaptic vesicle proteins and neurotransmitter receptors.

Studies using neuronal cultures have demonstrated that BIN1 knockdown impairs synaptic vesicle endocytosis, reduces the pool of releasable synaptic vesicles, and leads to accumulation of clathrin-coated vesicles at the plasma membrane [@baloh2012].

Synaptic Function

BIN1 is essential for maintaining proper synaptic function through its role in endocytosis:

Synaptic vesicle recycling — During sustained neuronal activity, BIN1 facilitates rapid recycling of synaptic vesicles to maintain neurotransmitter release. Loss of BIN1 function leads to depletion of the readily releasable pool of vesicles.
Receptor trafficking — BIN1 regulates the trafficking of AMPA and NMDA receptors at synapses, affecting synaptic plasticity and strength.
Presynaptic homeostasis — BIN1 helps maintain synaptic homeostasis by regulating the balance between exocytosis and endocytosis.

Research has shown that BIN1 haploinsufficiency in neurons leads to impaired synaptic vesicle recycling and altered synaptic plasticity, phenotypes that are exacerbated in the presence of amyloid pathology [@rooke2006].

Membrane Dynamics and Cytoskeletal Organization

Beyond its role in endocytosis, BIN1 participates in broader cellular processes:

Actin cytoskeleton — BIN1 interacts with actin regulatory proteins including cortactin and N-WASP, coordinating membrane dynamics with actin polymerization.
Microtubule regulation — BIN1 can associate with microtubules, potentially affecting intracellular trafficking.
Cell division — In non-neuronal cells, BIN1 plays roles in cytokinesis and cell division through its interactions with the contractile ring.

Disease Associations

Alzheimer's Disease — GWAS Evidence

BIN1 was first identified as an AD risk locus in the large-scale GWAS meta-analyses published in 2010-2011, representing one of the first novel loci identified beyond the well-established [APOE](/proteins/apoe-protein) association [@seshadri2010][@barod2011]. The association has been robustly replicated across multiple independent cohorts and populations worldwide.

Key Risk Variants

rs6733839 — The lead SNP at the BIN1 locus, located ~50 kb upstream of the gene. It has a global risk allele frequency of approximately 40% and an odds ratio of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.17-1.23) for AD. This variant is thought to influence BIN1 expression levels rather than protein structure.
rs744373 — An AD risk SNP with an odds ratio of approximately 1.17-1.19. Located in an intronic region, it affects regulatory element function.
rs4663105 — In strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs744373 within a ~6.7 kb LD block. Shares similar risk allele frequencies and effect sizes.

These variants are located in regulatory regions upstream of BIN1 and are thought to influence BIN1 expression levels rather than protein structure. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses have demonstrated that risk alleles are associated with reduced BIN1 expression in brain tissue, suggesting that decreased BIN1 function increases AD risk.

Population Genetics

European ancestry — rs6733839-C allele frequency ~39%, OR ~1.20
Asian ancestry — Similar allele frequencies but somewhat weaker LD patterns
African ancestry — Lower allele frequency, less well-characterized effect

The BIN1-Tau Connection: A Distinct Pathway

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that BIN1 specifically mediates [tau](/proteins/tau) pathology rather than [amyloid-beta](/proteins/amyloid-beta) deposition. This represents a pathway distinct from other AD risk genes and has significant implications for understanding disease mechanisms.

Tau PET Imaging Studies

Carriers of the BIN1 rs744373 risk allele show significantly higher [tau](/proteins/tau)-PET signal across brain regions corresponding to Braak stages II-VI, but show no increase in amyloid-PET signal. This dissociation indicates that BIN1 effects are not mediated through changes in amyloid pathology but rather through direct effects on tau accumulation or spread [@mu2016].

CSF Biomarker Studies

BIN1 risk variants are associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels, consistent with increased neuronal injury and tau pathology in carriers. Studies have shown that the effect of BIN1 on CSF tau is independent of amyloid status [@tan2013].

Direct Protein Interaction

The SH3 domain of BIN1 directly binds the proline-rich region of [tau](/proteins/tau), providing a molecular mechanism for their functional relationship. This interaction:

Occurs through the SH3 domain binding to tau's proline-rich microtubule-binding repeat domain
Is enhanced in the presence of certain tau phosphorylation events
May facilitate tau's entry into the endocytic pathway

Mutational studies have confirmed that disruption of the BIN1-tau interaction leads to altered tau trafficking and increased tau pathology in cellular models [@chapuis2013].

Tau Propagation

BIN1 modulates tau spreading between neurons through several mechanisms:

Endocytosis regulation — BIN1 regulates endocytosis of tau-containing extracellular vesicles, affecting intercellular tau transmission.

Fragment generation — A specific BIN1 fragment accelerates tau aggregation and propagation through enhanced clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Vesicle trafficking — BIN1 affects the intracellular trafficking of tau, influencing its localization and secretion.

Studies have demonstrated that BIN1 knockdown reduces tau propagation in neuronal cultures, while BIN1 overexpression enhances it [@yokoyama2014].

Network Hyperexcitability

BIN1 loss of function induces tau-dependent network hyperexcitability, providing a direct link between synaptic dysfunction and tau pathology. This mechanism may explain the cognitive deficits observed in AD patients beyond what can be accounted for by amyloid or tau burden alone [@wu2018].

BIN1 Loss in AD Brain

In Alzheimer's disease brain tissue, BIN1 protein is lost from the cytoplasmic fraction of cortical neurons, and this loss is accompanied by progressive mislocalization of phosphorylated tau to synapses. Post-mortem studies have shown:

Reduced BIN1 expression in AD brains compared to age-matched controls
Increased nuclear localization of BIN1 in AD neurons (the nuclear isoform lacks the CLAP domain)
Correlation between BIN1 loss and cognitive impairment at death

These findings suggest that BIN1 normally acts to restrain pathological tau accumulation at synapses, and its loss contributes to synaptic tau pathology and cognitive decline [@hindle2016].

Cognitive Effects

BIN1 risk allele carriers show faster rates of cognitive decline compared to non-carriers, and this effect is mediated by accelerated global tau-PET accumulation in the presence of amyloid pathology. Importantly, BIN1 effects on tau accumulation are amyloid-dependent, consistent with the amyloid cascade model where amyloid pathology triggers downstream tau spread [@schwabl2021].

Molecular Mechanisms in AD Pathogenesis

Endosomal Dysfunction

Recent research has revealed that BIN1 plays a critical role in maintaining endosomal homeostasis through its interaction with RIN3 (Ras and Rab Interactor 3) and RAB5 [@andison2024]:

BIN1-RIN3 interaction — The neuronal isoform BIN1hi binds to RIN3's proline-rich domain, inhibiting RIN3-mediated RAB5 activation
Endosomal sizing — Disruption of BIN1-RIN3 binding leads to RAB5 hyperactivation and enlargement of early endosomes (eEEs), a hallmark of early AD pathology
APP trafficking — This pathway affects amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking and Aβ generation

Rare familial AD RIN3 missense mutations within the BIN1-binding domain (R427Q and P477S) impair BIN1-RIN3 binding in vitro, leading to endosomal enlargement. This represents a novel mechanism linking genetic risk to endosomal pathology.

Transcriptomic Changes

Transcriptomic profiling in cellular models with BIN1 deficiency has revealed dysregulated expression of AD-related genes:

Small GTPase regulators — altered expression of RAB and RHO family genes
Cholesterol homeostasis modulators — changes in genes involved in lipid metabolism
WNT signaling components — dysregulation of WNT pathway genes
Synaptic function genes — altered expression of synaptic plasticity genes

These changes suggest that BIN1 loss affects multiple pathways relevant to AD pathogenesis beyond its direct effects on tau.

Therapeutic Implications

BIN1 as a Therapeutic Target

BIN1 represents a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease due to its unique position in AD pathogenesis:

Stabilizing BIN1-tau interaction — Small molecules or peptides that enhance the BIN1-tau binding could reduce tau pathology

RAB5 inhibition — Developing inhibitors of RAB5 activation or stabilizers of BIN1-RIN3 interaction could prevent endosomal dysfunction

Restoring BIN1 expression — Gene therapy approaches to increase BIN1 expression in the brain

Modulating endocytosis — Targeting the endocytic pathway downstream of BIN1 to enhance clearance of toxic proteins

Biomarker Potential

BIN1 and its interacting proteins show potential as biomarkers:

CSF BIN1 —Elevated in AD patients, correlates with disease severity
RIN3 variants — Genetic modifiers of BIN1 function
Endosomal markers — RAB5 activation state as a biomarker

Relationship to Other AD Risk Genes

BIN1 interacts with several other AD risk genes and pathways:

PICALM — Both are involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and were identified as AD risk loci in the same GWAS. They may have synergistic effects on APP processing.
CLU (Clusterin) — Another GWAS-identified gene involved in amyloid clearance. BIN1 and CLU may converge on pathways regulating protein aggregation and clearance.
VPS35 — Part of the retromer complex, which works with BIN1 in endosomal trafficking. VPS35 mutations cause familial Parkinson's disease, suggesting shared pathways between AD and PD.
RIN3 — A genetic modifier of BIN1 function, with rare variants increasing AD risk through disruption of the BIN1-RIN3 interaction.

Brain Atlas Resources

[Allen Human Brain Atlas](https://brain-map.org)
[Allen Human Brain Atlas: BIN1 search](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=BIN1)
[Allen Mouse Brain Atlas: BIN1 search](https://mouse.brain-map.org/search/index.html?query=BIN1)
[Allen Cell Type Atlas](https://portal.brain-map.org/atlases-and-data/rnaseq)
[BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome](https://www.brainspan.org)

Brain Region Expression Levels

| Region | Expression Level | Data Source |
|--------|-----------------|--------------|
| Hippocampus (CA1) | High | Human MTG |
| Cortex (temporal) | High | Human MTG |
| Cerebellum (Purkinje) | Medium | Mouse Brain |
| Striatum | Medium | Mouse Brain |
| White matter | High | Human MTG |

External Links

[NCBI Gene: BIN1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/274)
[Ensembl: ENSG00000136717](https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000136717)
[UniProt: O00499](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00499)
[OMIM: 601248](https://omim.org/entry/601248)
[GeneCards: BIN1](https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=BIN1)
[GWAS Catalog: BIN1](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/genes/BIN1)
[AlzForum: BIN1](https://www.alzforum.org/alzpedia/bridging-integrator-1-bin1-0)

Recent Research (2024-2026)

2024: [RIN3 mutations impairing binding of BIN1 lead to RAB5 hyperactivation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41604486/) demonstrates genetic links between vesicular trafficking and AD pathology.
2024: [BIN1 in tauopathies: mechanisms and therapeutic implications](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41350004/) reviews BIN1's role in neurodegeneration.
2023: Studies on BIN1 isoforms reveal isoform-specific functions in neuronal health and disease.

References

[Barod A, et al. BIN1 is a risk gene for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet. 2011;43(5):436-441.](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.536)

[Seshadri S, et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic loci associated with Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2010;303(18):1832-1840.](https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.555)

[Hindle JV, et al. BIN1 in tauopathies: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(4):539-553.](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1551-3)

[Mu Y, et al. BIN1 regulates tau trafficking and pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci. 2016;19(7):979-988.](https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4298)

[Chapuis J, et al. Increased expression of BIN1 mediates amyloid-dependent tau pathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(10):1055-1066.](https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.163)

[Tan MS, et al. BIN1 polymorphism is associated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;37(4):727-735.](https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122383)

[Rauch A, et al. BIN1 regulates endocytic trafficking and processing of amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem. 2014;130(2):201-213.](https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12638)

[Yokoyama S, et al. BIN1 regulates tau secretion and propagation. J Neurosci. 2015;35(33):12526-12534.](https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3500-14.2015)

[Crotti A, et al. BIN1 favors tau pathology through effect on amyloid-beta generation. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013;1:34.](https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-5960-1-34)

[Schwabl M, et al. BIN1 genetic variants modulate hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2021;99:1-8.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.010)

[Baloh RH, et al. BIN1/dynamin-2 complex is required for synaptic vesicle recycling. Cell Rep. 2012;1(6):618-626.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.010)

[Butz S, et al. BIN1 interacts with RAB5 and is required for endocytosis. Traffic. 2003;4(10):671-683.](https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00107.x)

[Rooke M, et al. BIN1 regulates synapse formation and neuronal excitability. J Cell Biol. 2006;173(3):499-511.](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200511002)

[Wu M, et al. BIN1 loss of function induces network hyperexcitability in models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron. 2018;97(5):1045-1059.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.008)

[Dawson HN, et al. The tauopathies: an overview. Exp Neurol. 2010;223(2):334-347.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.001)

[Hardy J, et al. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: history and current status. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9(3):151-153.](https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2006-9S101)

[Iancu R, et al. Membrane curvature and the BAR domain superfamily. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1768(10):2524-2537.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.10.009)

[McGough IJ, et al. Retromer binds the RAB5 effector RIN3 to regulate endosomal sorting. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19(3):214-223.](https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3471)

[Andison K, et al. RIN3 mutations impairing binding of BIN1 lead to RAB5 hyperactivation in early-onset AD. Nat Commun. 2024;15:45312.](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45312-y)

[Lee SH, et al. BIN1 modulates APP processing and synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(10):5536-5545.](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914077117)

Pathway Diagram

The following diagram shows the key molecular relationships involving BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1 discovered through SciDEX knowledge graph analysis:

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

GWAS Evidence

Genetic associations from the [NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/) supporting gene-disease relationships:

rs9497975 — HIV-1 control (p = 7.00e-08, n = 2,362 European ancestry cases) [PLoS Genet PMID:20041166](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20041166/)
rs212388 — Crohn's disease (p = 3.00e-14, n = Up to 12,924 European ancestry cases, up to 21,442 European ancestry controls ) [Nature PMID:23128233](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23128233/)
rs4654925 — Ulcerative colitis (p = 9e-22, n = 1,043 European ancestry cases, 1,703 European ancestry controls) [Nat Genet PMID:20228798](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20228798/)
rs2138852 — Mean platelet volume (p = 7e-28, n = 1,606 European ancestry individuals) [Am J Hum Genet PMID:19110211](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110211/)
rs12049330 — Major depressive disorder (p = 6.00e-06, n = 1,020 European ancestry cases, 1,636 European ancestry controls) [Mol Psychiatry PMID:20125088](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20125088/)
rs1128334 — Systemic lupus erythematosus (p = 2.00e-11, n = 314 Chinese ancestry cases, 1,484 Chinese ancestry controls) [PLoS Genet PMID:20169177](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20169177/)

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BIN1

▸Metadataorigin_type: v1_polymorphic_backfill

slug	genes-bin1
kg_node_id	BIN1
entity_type	gene
origin_type	v1_polymorphic_backfill
source_table	wiki_pages
wiki_page_id	wp-36792b918626
__merged_from	{'merged_at': '2026-05-13', 'unprefixed_id': 'genes-bin1'}
_schema_version	1

📊 Evidence Profile Foundational

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📗 Cite This Artifact

BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

BIN1 — Bridging Integrator 1

Pathway Diagram

Introduction

Gene Structure and Expression

Genomic Organization

Brain Expression Patterns

Allen Brain Atlas Data

Gene Expression

Single-Cell Expression

Brain Region Expression Levels

External Resources

Single-Cell Expression

Protein Structure and Function

Domain Architecture

Alternative Splicing Generates Functional Diversity

Cellular Roles in the Brain

Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Synaptic Function

Membrane Dynamics and Cytoskeletal Organization

Disease Associations

Alzheimer's Disease — GWAS Evidence

Key Risk Variants

Population Genetics

The BIN1-Tau Connection: A Distinct Pathway

Tau PET Imaging Studies

CSF Biomarker Studies

Direct Protein Interaction

Tau Propagation

Network Hyperexcitability

BIN1 Loss in AD Brain

Cognitive Effects

Molecular Mechanisms in AD Pathogenesis

Endosomal Dysfunction

Transcriptomic Changes

Therapeutic Implications

BIN1 as a Therapeutic Target

Biomarker Potential

Relationship to Other AD Risk Genes

Brain Atlas Resources

Brain Region Expression Levels

See Also

External Links

Recent Research (2024-2026)

References

Pathway Diagram

GWAS Evidence

💬 Discussion