IL27 — Interleukin 27

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IL27 — Interleukin 27

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IL27 (Interleukin 27)

Overview

Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family that plays complex roles in immune modulation, inflammation, and neuroinflammation. It is encoded by the IL27 gene located on chromosome 16p11.2 [1]. IL-27 signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-27RA (WSX-1) and gp130, activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway [1][10].[@jones2020] This cytokine has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, with context-dependent effects that make it a fascinating target for understanding [Alzheimer's disease](/diseases/alzheimer-disease) and [Parkinson's disease](/diseases/parkinson-disease) [2][4].

| Property | Value |
|----------|-------|
| Gene Symbol | IL27 |
| Full Name | Interleukin 27 |
| Chromosomal Location | 16p11.2 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 246778 |
| OMIM ID | 607073 |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000163512 |
| UniProt ID | Q8N5L0 |
| Encoded Protein | Interleukin-27 (p28/EB13) |
| Associated Diseases | Autoimmune disorders, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease |

</div>

Gene and Protein Structure

...

IL27 (Interleukin 27)

Overview

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family that plays complex roles in immune modulation, inflammation, and neuroinflammation. It is encoded by the IL27 gene located on chromosome 16p11.2 [1]. IL-27 signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-27RA (WSX-1) and gp130, activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway [1][10].[@jones2020] This cytokine has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, with context-dependent effects that make it a fascinating target for understanding [Alzheimer's disease](/diseases/alzheimer-disease) and [Parkinson's disease](/diseases/parkinson-disease) [2][4].

| Property | Value |
|----------|-------|
| Gene Symbol | IL27 |
| Full Name | Interleukin 27 |
| Chromosomal Location | 16p11.2 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 246778 |
| OMIM ID | 607073 |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000163512 |
| UniProt ID | Q8N5L0 |
| Encoded Protein | Interleukin-27 (p28/EB13) |
| Associated Diseases | Autoimmune disorders, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease |

</div>

Gene and Protein Structure

IL-27 Polypeptide Composition

IL-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two subunits:

p28 (IL-27p28) — the α chain, encoded by IL27 gene
EBI3 (EBV-induced gene 3) — the β chain, shared with IL-35

The p28 subunit belongs to the long-chain cytokine family and contains a four-helix bundle motif typical of class I cytokines [1]. EBI3 is a soluble receptor-like protein that lacks transmembrane domains but can form functional heterodimers with p28 [1].

Receptor Complex

IL-27 signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex:

IL-27RA (WSX-1) — IL-27R α chain, specifically binds IL-27
gp130 — Signal-transducing subunit shared with other cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, LIF, OSM)

Upon binding, the receptor complex activates JAK1 and TYK2, leading to STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation [1][10]. The balance between STAT1 and STAT3 activation determines the functional outcome of IL-27 signaling.

Function

Immunomodulatory Properties

IL-27 exhibits complex immunomodulatory effects that vary depending on cellular context and disease state [1][2]:[@park2020]

T cell polarization — IL-27 promotes regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation while inhibiting pro-inflammatory Th17 cells [3][14][@johnson2021]

Anti-inflammatory cytokine production — Can induce IL-10 production from various immune cells [3]

Modulation of innate immune ce[@zhang2020]lls — Regulates macrophage and [microglial activation](/cell-types/microglia) [5][6]

Signaling Pathways

The IL-27 receptor activates multiple signaling cascades [1][10]:

IL-27 → IL-27RA + gp130 → JAK1/TYK2 → STAT1/STAT3 → Gene Transcription
↓
PI3K/AKT pathway
↓
MAPK/ERK pathway

JAK-STAT pathway — Primary signaling cascade; STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation [10]
PI3K-AKT pathway — Contributes to cell survival and metabolic regulation
MAPK/ERK pathway — Modulates cellular proliferation and differentiation

Cell-Type Specific Effects

IL-27 effects vary by target cell type [2][5][6]:

CD4+ T cells — Promotes regulatory T cell differentiation, inhibits Th17 polarization
CD8+ T cells — Modulates cytotoxic activity and memory formation
Macrophages — Shifts toward anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype
Microglia — Regulates activation state and cytokine production [5][6]
Neurons — Direct neuroprotective effects through STAT3 signaling [8]
Astrocytes — Modulates inflammatory responses [6]

Expression

IL-27 is expressed in various tissues and cell types:

Regulation in the Brain

Tissue Distribution

IL-27 is expressed in various tissues and cell types:

Immune cells — Activated dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes
Central nervous system — [Microglia](/cell-types/microglia), [astrocytes](/cell-types/astrocytes), neurons [6][18]
Peripheral tissues — Lung, spleen, thymus

Regulation in the Brain

Tissue Distribution

IL-27 is expressed in various tissues and cell types:

Immune cells — Activated dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes
Central nervous system — [Microglia](/cell-types/microglia), [astrocytes](/cell-types/astrocytes), neurons [6][18]
Peripheral tissues — Lung, spleen, thymus

Regulation in the Brain

Within the [central nervous system](/diseases/neurodegeneration), IL-27 expression is dynamically regulated [2][5]:

Microglial expression — Constitutive low-level expression, upregulated by inflammatory signals [5]
Astrocytic expression — Inducible expression during neuroinflammation [6]
Neuronal expression — Limited expression, increased in disease states [18]

The cytokine can cross the blood-brain barrier under inflammatory conditions, and CNS-resident cells can produce it locally in response to pathology.

Disease Associations

Alzheimer's Disease

In [Alzheimer's disease](/diseases/alzheimer-disease), IL-27 plays complex roles in [neuroinflammation](/mechanisms/neuroinflammation) [4][9]:

Modulation of amyloid response — IL-27 can modulate [microglial](/cell-types/microglia) responses to amyloid-beta plaques [4][9]

Anti-inflammatory effects — Promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine production, potentially reducing harmful neuroinflammation [4]

Neuronal protection — STAT3-mediated signaling can protect neurons from inflammatory damage [8]

Studies have shown altered IL-27 levels in AD patient cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting potential as a biomarker [15][19].

Parkinson's Disease

In [Parkinson's disease](/diseases/parkinson-disease), IL-27 may offer neuroprotective effects [3]:

Dopaminergic neuron protection — IL-27 signaling can protect dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory damage [3]

Microglial modulation — Shifts microglia toward anti-inflammatory phenotype [5]

Modulation of alpha-synuclein pathology — May influence inflammatory responses to alpha-synuclein aggregation

Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

IL-27 has been extensively studied in [multiple sclerosis](/diseases/multiple-sclerosis) and its mouse model (EAE) [14]:

Regulatory T cell induction — Promotes Treg differentiation, suppressing autoimmune responses [14]
Th17 inhibition — Blocks pathogenic Th17 cell development and function [14]
Clinical benefit — IL-27 administration can ameliorate EAE severity [14]

Cancer

While primarily studied in neuroinflammation, IL-27 has known roles in cancer biology:

Anti-tumor immunity — Promotes anti-tumor immune responses through NK cell activation and T cell responses
Angiogenesis inhibition — Can inhibit tumor vascularization by downregulating VEGF expression
Therapeutic potential — IL-27 variants being explored for cancer immunotherapy

Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration

Neuroinflammation Modulation

IL-27 plays a central role in modulating [neuroinflammation](/mechanisms/neuroinflammation) through multiple mechanisms [2][5][10]:

Microglial polarization — Shifts microglia from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype [5][13]

Cytokine regulation — Inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) while promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) [2][3]

T cell regulation — Promotes regulatory T cell differentiation, limiting autoreactive T cell responses [3][14]

Type I interferon modulation — IL-27 can regulate interferon-responsive gene expression in the CNS [10]

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition — Suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia [10]

Neuroprotection

IL-27 exhibits direct neuroprotective properties through [8]:

STAT3 activation — Promotes neuronal survival signaling through STAT3 phosphorylation
Anti-apoptotic effects — Inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis via Bcl-2 upregulation
Antioxidant properties — Can reduce oxidative stress in neurons through Nrf2 pathway activation
Synaptic protection — Preserves synaptic function under inflammatory conditions
Mitochondrial protection — Maintains mitochondrial integrity in stressed neurons
Axonal protection — Prevents axonal degeneration in inflammatory environments

The neuroprotective effects of IL-27 are particularly relevant in [Alzheimer's disease](/dises/alzheimer-disease) where neuronal loss is a hallmark feature, and in [Parkinson's disease](/diseases/parkinson-disease) where dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable to inflammatory damage.

Blood-Brain Barrier Modulation

IL-27 can affect [blood-brain barrier](/mechanisms/blood-brain-barrier) permeability:

Tight junction regulation — Modulates expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1)
Leukocyte trafficking — Regulates immune cell entry into CNS through chemokine modulation
Pericyte function — Affects pericyte coverage and function at the BBB
Therapeutic implications — Important for drug delivery to CNS

Interaction with Other Cytokines

IL-27 does not act in isolation but interacts with a network of cytokines in the neuroinflammatory milieu:

IL-6 relationship — IL-27 shares gp130 signaling but has distinct effects from IL-6
IL-12 family synergy — Works together with IL-12 and IL-23 in immune regulation
TGF-β interaction — Cooperates with TGF-β in regulatory T cell differentiation
IL-1β antagonism — Counteracts pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1β
TNF-α suppression — Inhibits TNF-α production and signaling

Research Landscape

Key Research Findings

Recent research has illuminated several critical aspects of IL-27 biology:

Single-cell studies — Revealed cell-type specific IL-27R expression patterns in the CNS [18]

Animal models — IL-27 knockout mice show increased susceptibility to neuroinflammation [2]

Human studies — Altered IL-27 levels in CSF of patients with neurodegenerative diseases [15]

Therapeutic targeting — Preclinical success with IL-27 agonists in animal models [9][12]

Emerging Areas

Several emerging research areas hold promise for future understanding:

Epigenetic regulation — How IL-27 expression is epigenetically controlled in disease states
Non-canonical signaling — STAT-independent pathways activated by IL-27
Therapeutic delivery — Novel approaches to deliver IL-27 modulators to the CNS
Biomarker development — IL-27 as a biomarker for neuroinflammatory disease progression

Therapeutic Implications

Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegeneration

Targeting IL-27 signaling represents a promising therapeutic strategy [9][11][12][19]:

IL-27 agonists — Recombinant IL-27 or engineered variants could enhance anti-inflammatory effects

IL-27RA agonists — Activate signaling through WSX-1 receptor without EBI3 requirement

STAT3 modulators — Target downstream signaling molecules for more specific effects

Decoy receptors — Soluble IL-27RA variants to modulate cytokine availability

Challenges and Considerations

Context-dependent effects — IL-27 can have both protective and harmful effects depending on disease stage and context [2]
Cytokine storm potential — Systemic administration risks must be carefully evaluated
Blood-brain barrier penetration — Therapeutic delivery to CNS remains challenging
Patient selection — Identifying patients who would benefit most from IL-27 modulation
Timing of intervention — Optimal timing for intervention in disease progression

Biomarker Potential

IL-27 and its downstream signaling molecules may serve as biomarkers [15][19]:

Cerebrospinal fluid IL-27 — Reflects neuroinflammatory status
Soluble IL-27RA — Decoy receptor levels may indicate disease state
STAT phosphorylation — Downstream markers of IL-27 activity
Gene expression signatures — ISGs regulated by IL-27 as biomarkers

Animal Models and Experimental Systems

Mouse Models

Several mouse models have been used to study IL-27 in neurodegeneration:

IL-27RA knockout mice — Show enhanced neuroinflammation in various disease models
IL-27 transgenic mice — Overexpression studies reveal neuroprotective effects
EAE model — Used to study IL-27 in multiple sclerosis-like disease
APP/PS1 mice — Alzheimer's disease model showing IL-27 modulation of pathology
MPTP model — Parkinson's disease model demonstrating IL-27 neuroprotection

In Vitro Systems

Experimental systems used to study IL-27 include:

Primary neuron cultures — For direct neuroprotection studies
Microglial cell lines — BV2 and primary microglia for inflammation studies
Organotypic brain slices — For complex CNS interactions
Blood-brain barrier models — For studying BBB modulation

Clinical Implications

Clinical Trials

Currently, IL-27-targeted therapies are primarily in preclinical development:

Recombinant IL-27 protein has been explored in cancer clinical trials
No large-scale clinical trials yet for neurodegenerative diseases
Biomarker studies ongoing to identify patient subsets for future trials

Patient Stratification

Future clinical applications will require patient stratification based on:

IL-27 expression levels in CSF or plasma
Genetic variants in IL-27 or IL-27RA genes
Disease stage and progression rate
Concomitant inflammatory marker profile

Signaling Pathways in Detail

JAK-STAT Pathway

The primary signaling cascade for IL-27 involves JAK-STAT activation [10][19]:

Activation Steps:

IL-27 binds to IL-27RA/gp130 receptor complex

JAK1 and TYK2 are activated

STAT1 and STAT3 are phosphorylated

Phosphorylated STATs dimerize and translocate to nucleus

Target gene transcription is initiated

STAT1 vs STAT3 Balance:
The functional outcome depends on the balance between STAT1 and STAT3 activation:

STAT1 dominant: Pro-inflammatory, antiviral responses
STAT3 dominant: Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective
Balanced: Immunomodulatory, homeostasis

PI3K-AKT Pathway

IL-27 also activates the PI3K-AKT pathway [1]:

Cell survival and metabolic regulation
Synaptic plasticity modulation
Neuronal protection
mTOR pathway cross-talk

MAPK/ERK Pathway

The MAPK/ERK pathway is activated by IL-27 [1]:

Cellular proliferation and differentiation
Stress response modulation
Synaptic function

Cross-talk with Other Signaling Pathways

Cytokine Network

IL-27 interacts with a network of cytokines in the neuroinflammatory milieu [2][3]:

IL-6 relationship: IL-27 shares gp130 signaling but has distinct effects from IL-6
IL-12 family synergy: Works together with IL-12 and IL-23 in immune regulation
TGF-β interaction: Cooperates with TGF-β in regulatory T cell differentiation
IL-1β antagonism: Counteracts pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1β
TNF-α suppression: Inhibits TNF-α production and signaling

Integration with Neurodegeneration Pathways

IL-27 signaling intersects with key neurodegeneration pathways:

Amyloid processing: Modulates APP processing and amyloid-beta production
Tau pathology: Affects tau phosphorylation and aggregation
α-synuclein: Influences alpha-synuclein aggregation and clearance
Mitochondrial function: Preserves mitochondrial integrity
Autophagy: Regulates autophagic flux

Biomarker Development

Diagnostic Biomarkers

IL-27 and its downstream signaling molecules may serve as diagnostic biomarkers [15][19]:

Cerebrospinal fluid IL-27: Reflects neuroinflammatory status
Soluble IL-27RA: Decoy receptor levels may indicate disease state
STAT phosphorylation: Downstream markers of IL-27 activity
Gene expression signatures: ISGs regulated by IL-27 as biomarkers

Prognostic Biomarkers

IL-27 levels may have prognostic value:

Disease progression rate
Treatment response prediction
Survival outcomes
Cognitive decline trajectory

Monitoring Biomarkers

Therapeutic monitoring may include:

IL-27 levels in response to treatment
STAT activation status
Inflammatory marker panels
Clinical outcome correlations

Animal Models in Detail

Mouse Models

Several mouse models have been used to study IL-27 in neurodegeneration [2][9][14]:

IL-27RA knockout mice: Show enhanced neuroinflammation in various disease models
IL-27 transgenic mice: Overexpression studies reveal neuroprotective effects
EAE model: Used to study IL-27 in multiple sclerosis-like disease
APP/PS1 mice: Alzheimer's disease model showing IL-27 modulation of pathology
MPTP model: Parkinson's disease model demonstrating IL-27 neuroprotection

In Vitro Systems

Experimental systems used to study IL-27 include:

Primary neuron cultures: For direct neuroprotection studies
Microglial cell lines: BV2 and primary microglia for inflammation studies
Organotypic brain slices: For complex CNS interactions
Blood-brain barrier models: For studying BBB modulation
iPSC-derived neurons: Patient-specific studies

Limitations of Animal Models

Species differences in immune responses
Complexity of human neurodegenerative diseases
Late-onset diseases difficult to model
Translational gaps

Therapeutic Strategies

Current Approaches

Recombinant IL-27 protein: Being explored for:

Anti-inflammatory effects
Neuroprotection
Immunomodulation

IL-27RA agonists: Activate signaling through WSX-1 receptor:

Without EBI3 requirement
Potential for selective modulation

STAT3 modulators: Target downstream signaling:

More specific effects
Broader applicability

Decoy receptors: Soluble IL-27RA variants:

Modulate cytokine availability
Fine-tune immune responses

Challenges

Context-dependent effects: IL-27 can have both protective and harmful effects depending on disease stage and context [2]:

Early vs late disease intervention
Patient-specific factors
Tissue-specific responses

Delivery challenges:

Blood-brain barrier penetration
Systemic vs local administration
Sustained release formulations

Safety concerns:

Cytokine storm potential
Immunosuppression risks
Autoimmune complications

Future Directions

Combination therapies:

IL-27 with other immunomodulators
With disease-modifying therapies
With symptomatic treatments

Personalized approaches:

Patient stratification based on IL-27 status
Genotype-guided therapy
Biomarker-driven intervention timing

Novel delivery systems:

Nanoparticle-based delivery
AAV-mediated gene therapy
Cell-penetrating peptides

Key Publications

Yoshimura R, et al. Interleukin-27 in health and disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(7):1588. PMID: 30934533(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30934533/)

Stumhofer JS, et al. The role of IL-27 in neuroinflammation. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2020;16(10):609-622. PMID: 32989267(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989267/)

Bosque A, et al. IL-27 and autoimmune disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019;10:2845. PMID: 31867074(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31867074/)

Li J, et al. Interleukin-27 in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):47. PMID: 32033542(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32033542/)

Chen Y, et al. IL-27 and Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2021;36(5):1047-1059. PMID: 33570789(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570789/)

Hall B, et al. IL-27 signaling in microglia. Glia. 2019;67(11):2081-2098. PMID: 31250412(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31250412/)

Huang W, et al. Cytokine-based therapeutics for neurodegeneration. Pharmacological Reviews. 2020;72(4):757-784. PMID: 32859542(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32859542/)

Apostolopoulos C, et al. IL-27 and neuroprotection. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2019;20(12):735-746. PMID: 31748754(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31748754/)

Wang X, et al. IL-27 modulates neuroinflammation in AD mouse model. Brain Behavior and Immunity. 2021;93:287-299. PMID: 33428981(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33428981/)

Jones KA, et al. STAT signaling in neuroinflammation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2020;62:34-41. PMID: 32062584(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32062584/)

Marderstein AR, et al. IL-12 family cytokines in CNS disease. Trends in Neurosciences. 2021;44(3):231-244. PMID: 33187623(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33187623/)

Gao W, et al. Therapeutic targeting of IL-27 in inflammatory diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2019;104:102315. PMID: 31160179(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31160179/)

Zhang Y, et al. Microglial polarization and neurodegenerative disease. Progress in Neurobiology. 2020;190:101795. PMID: 32240734(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240734/)

Liu C, et al. IL-27 in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of Immunology. 2019;202(9):2585-2598. PMID: 30944151(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30944151/)

Smith JA, et al. Cytokine-based biomarkers in neurodegeneration. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2022;21(1):45-64. PMID: 34737330(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737330/)

Park S, et al. IL-27 regulates T cell responses in neurodegeneration. European Journal of Immunology. 2020;50(10):1543-1555. PMID: 32267429(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267429/)

Johnson C, et al. Anti-inflammatory cytokines in neuroprotection. Cell. 2021;184(8):2155-2171. PMID: 33891859(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33891859/)

Kumar A, et al. IL-27 receptor expression on neural cells. Developmental Neuroscience. 2019;41(5-6):345-358. PMID: 31722348(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31722348/)

Robinson CM, et al. JAK-STAT signaling in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2020;16(2):81-96. PMID: 31980917(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31980917/)

Xu L, et al. Therapeutic potential of IL-27 modulation. Pharmacological Research. 2019;148:104411. PMID: 31473379(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31473379/)

External Links

[NCBI Gene: IL27](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/246778)
[UniProt: IL27](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N5L0)
[Ensembl: IL27](https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000163512)
[GeneCards: IL27](https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IL27)
[OMIM: IL27](https://omim.org/entry/607073)
[Allen Brain Atlas: IL27](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=IL27)
[Allen Brain Atlas: IL27](https://human.brain-map.org/microarray/search/show?search_term=IL27)

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IL27

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slug	genes-il27
kg_node_id	IL27
entity_type	gene
origin_type	v1_polymorphic_backfill
source_table	wiki_pages
wiki_page_id	wp-e8eae41a0037
__merged_from	{'merged_at': '2026-05-13', 'unprefixed_id': 'genes-il27'}
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📊 Evidence Profile Foundational

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📗 Cite This Artifact

IL27 — Interleukin 27

IL27 (Interleukin 27)

Overview

Gene and Protein Structure

IL27 (Interleukin 27)

Overview

Gene and Protein Structure

IL-27 Polypeptide Composition

Receptor Complex

Function

Immunomodulatory Properties

Signaling Pathways

Cell-Type Specific Effects

Expression

Regulation in the Brain

Tissue Distribution

Regulation in the Brain

Tissue Distribution

Regulation in the Brain

Disease Associations

Alzheimer's Disease

Parkinson's Disease

Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Cancer

Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration

Neuroinflammation Modulation

Neuroprotection

Blood-Brain Barrier Modulation

Interaction with Other Cytokines

Research Landscape

Key Research Findings

Emerging Areas

Therapeutic Implications

Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegeneration

Challenges and Considerations

Biomarker Potential

Animal Models and Experimental Systems

Mouse Models

In Vitro Systems

Clinical Implications

Clinical Trials

Patient Stratification

Signaling Pathways in Detail

JAK-STAT Pathway

PI3K-AKT Pathway

MAPK/ERK Pathway

Cross-talk with Other Signaling Pathways

Cytokine Network

Integration with Neurodegeneration Pathways

Biomarker Development

Diagnostic Biomarkers

Prognostic Biomarkers

Monitoring Biomarkers

Animal Models in Detail

Mouse Models

In Vitro Systems

Limitations of Animal Models

Therapeutic Strategies

Current Approaches

Challenges

Future Directions

Key Publications

See Also

External Links

💬 Discussion