PPARD is a human gene whose product ### transcriptional regulation. Variants in PPARD have been implicated in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease. This page covers the gene's normal function, disease associations, expression patterns, and key research findings relevant to neurodegeneration.
Gene Overview
Gene Symbol: PPARD
Full Name: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta
Other Names: PPARδ, PPAR-beta, NR1C2
Chromosomal Location: 6p21.31
Gene ID: 5468
PPARD is a human gene whose product ### transcriptional regulation. Variants in PPARD have been implicated in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease. This page covers the gene's normal function, disease associations, expression patterns, and key research findings relevant to neurodegeneration.
Gene Overview
Gene Symbol: PPARD
Full Name: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta
Other Names: PPARδ, PPAR-beta, NR1C2
Chromosomal Location: 6p21.31
Gene ID: 5468
Gene Family
PPARD belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, specifically the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily. The family includes three members: PPARA (α), PPARB/PPARD (β/δ), and PPARG (γ)[@michalik2006].
Protein Structure
PPARD is a ligand-activated transcription factor containing:
N-terminal activation function (AF-1) domain
DNA-binding domain (DBD) with two zinc fingers
Hinge region
Ligand-binding domain (LBD) with AF-2 activation function
Expression Pattern
PPARD is ubiquitously expressed with highest levels in:
[Michalik et al., International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology LXIII (2006)](https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.58.4.5)
[Cheng et al., PPARδ: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108200)
[Jiang et al., PPAR-delta is repressed in Huntington's disease, is required for normal neuronal function and can be targeted therapeutically (2015)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26642438/)
[Yang et al., Therapeutic Advantages of Dual Targeting of PPAR-delta and PPAR-gamma in an Experimental Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30705969/)
[Lim et al., Erucic acid, a component of Lorenzo's oil and PPAR-delta ligand modifies C6 glioma growth and toxicity of doxorubicin (2017)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142312/)
[Zhang et al., Activating PPARbeta/delta Protects against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Astrocytic Apoptosis via UCP2-Dependent Mitophagy in Depressive Model (2022)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142731/)
[Chandra et al., Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis ameliorates disease phenotype in a full-length mouse model of Huntington's disease (2016)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27008868/)
[Swanson et al., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists accelerate oligodendrocyte maturation and influence mitochondrial functions and oscillatory Ca(2+) waves (2011)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21937914/)
[Zhang et al., PPAR agonists for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases (2024)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065777/)
[Liu et al., The role of PPAR in fungal keratitis (2024)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39763659/)
[Cai et al., PPARbeta/delta Agonist Provides Neuroprotection by Suppression of IRE1alpha-Caspase-12-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in the Rotenone Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease (2016)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26160761/)
[Choi et al., Neuroprotection against Amyloid-beta-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks Is Mediated by Multiple Retinoic Acid-Dependent Pathways (2020)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32256561/)
[Park et al., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists as promising neurotherapeutics (2025)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39908735/)
[Kim et al., Neuroprotective effects of the PPARbeta/delta antagonist GSK0660 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease models (2023)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37226204/)
[Hernandez et al., The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in healthy and diseased eyes (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010603/)
[Jang et al., PPARbeta/delta activation protects against corticosterone-induced ER stress in astrocytes by inhibiting the CpG hypermethylation of microRNA-181a (2017)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27789312/)
[Goncalves et al., Marine Natural and Nature-Inspired Compounds Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) (2023)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827130/)
[Lorenzo et al., Role of PPARs in Progression of Anxiety: Literature Analysis and Signaling Pathways Reconstruction (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33312191/)
[Park et al., Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Deficiency in Microglia Results in Exacerbated Axonal Injury and Tissue Loss in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732230/)
[Honnami et al., Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) (2013)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23105114/)
[Goncharov et al., PPARδ agonist GW1516 attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental traumatic brain injury (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29951275/)
[Yang et al., PPARδ activation ameliorates tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease model (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30567523/)
Pathway Diagram
Key molecular relationships involving ppard from the SciDEX knowledge graph:
Mermaid diagram (expand to render)
Pathway Diagram
The following diagram shows the key molecular relationships involving ppard discovered through SciDEX knowledge graph analysis: