VPS53

VPS53

title: VPS53
<div class="infobox infobox-gene"> [@lysosomal2018]
<div class="infobox-header">VPS53</div> [@autophagylysosomal2017]
<div class="infobox-content"> [@role2016]
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Full Name:</strong> Vacuolar Protein Sorting 53 Homolog</div> [@hops2015]
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Symbol:</strong> VPS53</div> [@endolysosomal2014]
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Chromosomal Location:</strong> 17p13.1</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>NCBI Gene ID:</strong> 27152</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Ensembl ID:</strong> ENSG00000156502</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>UniProt ID:</strong> Q9H0M9</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Associated Diseases:</strong> Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, Neurodegeneration</div>
</div>
</div>

Overview

...

VPS53

title: VPS53
<div class="infobox infobox-gene"> [@lysosomal2018]
<div class="infobox-header">VPS53</div> [@autophagylysosomal2017]
<div class="infobox-content"> [@role2016]
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Full Name:</strong> Vacuolar Protein Sorting 53 Homolog</div> [@hops2015]
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Symbol:</strong> VPS53</div> [@endolysosomal2014]
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Chromosomal Location:</strong> 17p13.1</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>NCBI Gene ID:</strong> 27152</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Ensembl ID:</strong> ENSG00000156502</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>UniProt ID:</strong> Q9H0M9</div>
<div class="infobox-row"><strong>Associated Diseases:</strong> Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, Neurodegeneration</div>
</div>
</div>

Overview

VPS53 (Vacuolar Protein Sorting 53 Homolog) is a critical component of the HOPS (Homotypic fusion and Vacuolar Protein Sorting) complex, which mediates lysosomal trafficking and [autophagy](/entities/autophagy) in eukaryotic cells. The HOPS complex facilitates the fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes, an essential step in the degradative pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis and clears aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. VPS53 is encoded by the VPS53 gene located on chromosome 17p13.1 and is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. In the brain, VPS53 is expressed in [neurons](/entities/neurons) and glial cells, with high expression in the cerebral [cortex](/brain-regions/cortex), [hippocampus](/brain-regions/hippocampus), and cerebellum—regions vulnerable to neurodegeneration. Mutations in VPS53 cause autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) with neurodevelopmental regression, highlighting its critical role in neuronal function. Dysfunction of the HOPS complex and impaired lysosomal trafficking contribute to the accumulation of autophagic debris, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Function

VPS53 (Vacuolar Protein Sorting 53 Homolog) is a component of the HOPS (Homotypic fusion and Vacuolar Protein Sorting) complex, which plays a critical role in lysosomal trafficking and autophagy. The HOPS complex facilitates the fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes, a crucial step in the degradative pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis. VPS53 is essential for proper endosomal-lysosomal function, and mutations in this gene have been linked to hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive lower limb spasticity and weakness. The dysfunction of VPS53 and the HOPS complex can lead to impaired autophagic degradation, which is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.

HOPS Complex Composition

The HOPS complex is a heterotetrameric complex composed of six subunits[@pepin2020]:

| Subunit | Symbol | Function |
|--------|--------|----------|
| VPS11 | - | Core scaffolding |
| VPS16 | - | Syntaxin binding |
| VPS18 | - | Core subunit |
| VPS33A/B | - | SNARE binding |
| VPS39 | - | Tethering function |
| VPS53 | - | Complex assembly |

Subunit Interactions

VPS53 serves as a structural core supporting the assembly[@winters2021]:

VPS11-VPS18 heterodimer: Forms the structural core

VPS16 binding: Provides syntaxin accessibility

VPS33 recruitment: Enables SNARE interactions

VPS39 integration: Completes the functional complex

Lysosomal Fusion Mechanism

The HOPS complex orchestrates membrane fusion through coordinated steps[@pantrigo2022]:

Docking Stage

Rab conversion: Late endosome maturation involves Rab7 (endolysosomal marker)

t-SNARE assembly: Forming the SNARE complex for fusion

HOPS recruitment: Rab7 effector recruits HOPS to the target membrane

Tethering: HOPS provides initial membrane tethering

Fusion Stage

SNARE complex formation: Completes the four-helical bundle

Trans-SNARE complex: Pulls membranes together

Fusion pore opening: Lipid mixing and content mixing

Lysosome maturation: Functional integration

Role in Autophagy

Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion

The autophagy-lysosome pathway relies on HOPS[@vanmeer2023]:

Autophagosome formation: Double-membrane vesicles engulf cargo

Late endosome recruitment: Conversion to amphisomes

Lysosomal fusion: HOPS-mediated fusion

Cargo degradation: Acid hydrolases digest material

Selective Autophagy

HOPS contributes to selective degradation:

• Xenophagy: Intracellular pathogen clearance
• Mitophagy: Mitochondrial quality control
• Aggrephagy: Protein aggregate clearance

Disease Mechanisms

Alzheimer's Disease[@vanmeer2023]

HOPS dysfunction contributes to AD pathogenesis through:

• Amyloid clearance: Impaired lysosomal Aβ degradation
• Tau pathology: Lysosomal dysfunction affects tau turnover
• Autophagic stress: Accumulation of autophagosomes

Parkinson's Disease[@deriz2019]

Lysosomal defects in PD include:

• Alpha-synuclein clearance: Impaired autophagic degradation
• Lysosomal stress: Endolysosomal system dysfunction
• Neuronal vulnerability: Selective dopaminergic susceptibility

Huntington's Disease[@zhang2019]

HOPS in Huntington's disease:

• Mutant huntingtin: Affects HOPS complex function
• Aggregate clearance: Impaired protein quality control
• Neuronal dysfunction: Contributes to degeneration

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis[@marschall2020]

ALS features lysosomal defects:

• Motor neuron vulnerability: High lysosomal demand
• Protein aggregation: Impaired clearance
• HOPS alterations: Observed in disease models

Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia

VPS53 mutations cause HSP through[@vps2020]:

• Complex destabilization: Impaired HOPS assembly
• Trafficking defects: Lysosomal dysfunction
• Axonal degeneration: Progressive phenotype

Neuronal Specialization

Synaptic Lysosomes

Neurons have specialized lysosomal systems[@pantrigo2022]:

• Synaptic vesicle turnover: Lysosomal function at termini
• Retrograde trafficking: Material delivered to soma
• Activity-dependent regulation: Dynamic control

Lysosomal Pools

Multiple lysosomal populations:

• Somatic lysosomes: General degradation
• Neuritic lysosomes: Distal compartments
• Synaptic lysosomes: Specialized function

Therapeutic Implications

Small Molecule Approaches

Targeting lysosomal pathways[@mueller2021]:

• Autophagy enhancers: Promote clearance
• HOPS stabilizers: Improve function
• Lysosomal modulators: Enhance activity

Gene Therapy

AAV-based approaches:

• VPS53 expression: Correct mutations
• Cargo targeting: Deliver to neurons
• Combination approaches: Multiple targets

Biomarkers

Lysosomal system markers:

• CSF markers: Autophagy markers
• Imaging: PET tracers
• Genetic testing: VPS53 variants

Molecular Interactions

SNARE Complex Interactions

VPS53 interacts with SNARE proteins[@liu2023]:

• Syntaxin 7: Late endosomal SNARE
• Vti1b: v-SNARE partner
• Syntaxin 8: Endolysosomal SNARE

| SNARE | Type | Function |
|-------|------|----------|
| Syntaxin 7 | t-SNARE | Late endosome targeting |
| VTI1B | v-SNARE | Vesicle tethering |
| Syntaxin 8 | t-SNARE | Lysosomal fusion |

Rab GTPase Interactions

Rab GTPases regulate HOPS[@liu2023]:

• Rab7: Master regulator of late endosomal trafficking
• Rab2: ER to Golgi traffic
• Rab39: Neuronal function

Rab GTPases in HOPS Function

Lysosomal membrane trafficking in neurons requires precise coordination between Rab GTPases and the HOPS complex. The spatial and temporal regulation of these interactions determines the directionality and efficiency of trafficking in both neuronal and non-neuronal contexts. Understanding these molecular partnerships provides insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases where these systems fail.

Rab Conversion Pathway

Late endosome maturation involves:

Rab5 to Rab7 conversion: Transition from early to late endosomes

HOPS recruitment: Rab7 effector function

SNARE assembly: Coordinated SNARE complex formation

Fusion completion: Lysosomal matrix

Genetics of VPS53

Gene Structure

The VPS53 gene:

• Chromosomal location: 17p13.1
• Exon count: 14 exons
• Transcript length: 3.5 kb coding region
• Protein size: 671 amino acids

Disease-Causing Variants

Pathogenic variants in VPS53:

• Missense mutations: Loss-of-function
• Nonsense mutations: Truncated protein
• Splice site mutations: Aberrant splicing

Animal Models

Model systems for studying VPS53:

• Mouse models: Complete and conditional knockout
• Zebrafish: Developmental studies
• Drosophila: Genetic screens
• C. elegans: Ortholog studies

Cellular Homeostasis

Quality Control Pathways

VPS53 supports multiple quality control systems[@chen2022]:

Autophagy-lysosomal: Main degradative pathway

Proteasomal degradation: Ubiquitin-proteasome system

ER-associated degradation: Secretory pathway QC

Metabolic Integration

Lysosomes integrate metabolic signals:

• mTORC1 regulation: Amino acid sensing
• Transcription factor regulation: TFEB/TEAD
• Autophagy modulation: Nutrient status

VPS53 in Cellular Physiology

Lysosomal pH and Enzyme Activity

VPS53 affects lysosomal function:

• Acidification: V-ATPase coupling
• Enzyme activation: Optimal pH
• Cargo processing: Hydrolase function

Membrane Trafficking Networks

VPS53 sits at the intersection of multiple pathways:

• Endocytic pathway: Receptor internalization
• Secretory pathway: Biosynthetic routing
• Autophagic pathway: Degradative function

Clinical Correlations

VPS53-Related Disorders

Clinical manifestations of VPS53 dysfunction include:

• Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Progressive lower limb spasticity
• Cerebellar ataxia: Coordination deficits
• Neurodevelopmental regression: Skill loss

Diagnostic Considerations

Clinical workup includes:

• Genetic testing: Sequencing
• Neuroimaging: MRI findings
• Functional assays: Lysosomal function

Research Methods

Studying VPS53 Function

Experimental approaches include:

• Biochemistry: Protein interaction studies
• Cell biology: Trafficking assays
• Genetics: Model organism studies

Therapeutic Development

Drug discovery approaches:

• High-throughput screening: Small molecule libraries
• Structure-based design: Crystal structures
• Gene therapy: Viral vectors

VPS53 in Protein Quality Control

Proteostasis Networks

Cellular protein quality control involves[@chen2022]:

Synthesis: Transcription and translation

Folding: Molecular chaperones

Quality control: Recognition and triage

Degradation: UPS and autophagy

When these systems fail:

• Aggregation: Misfolded protein accumulation
• Inclusion bodies: Cellular stress
• Neuronal dysfunction: Vulnerability

Aggregate Clearance

VPS53 contributes to aggregate clearance through autophagy:

• Aggrephagy: Selective autophagic degradation
• Sequestosome interactions: p62/SQSTM1 pathways
• Cargo recognition: Selective autophagy receptors

Neuronal VPS53 Function

Axonal Transport

VPS53 supports axonal trafficking:

• Retrograde transport: Lysosomes to cell body
• Anterograde trafficking: New proteins to distal compartments
• Motor protein interactions: Kinesin and dynein partnerships

Synaptic Function

Synaptic lysosomes are specialized[@pantrigo2022]:

• Synaptic vesicle recycling: Related but distinct pathways
• Neurotransmitter clearance: Lysosomal processing
• Activity-dependent trafficking: Dynamic regulation

VPS53 Structure

Protein Domains

VPS53 contains key structural features:

• N-terminal domain: Protein interaction surfaces
• Coiled-coil regions: Structural elements
• C-terminal regions: Complex integration domains

Post-translational Modifications

VPS53 undergoes modifications:

• Phosphorylation: Regulatory control
• Ubiquitination: Protein stability
• Sumoylation: Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling

Model Systems to Study VPS53

Invertebrate Models

Simple genetic models:

• C. elegans VPS53: Critical for development
• Drosophila models: Functional conservation
• Phenotypic analysis: Clear phenotypes

Vertebrate Models

Mammalian systems:

• Mouse knockout: Developmental lethal
• Conditional models: Tissue-specific function
• iPSC models: Human disease modeling

VPS53 and Membrane Dynamics

Lipid Requirements

Lysosomal fusion requires specific lipids:

• Phosphoinositides: PI(3)P, PI(4)P membrane identity
• Cholesterol: Membrane fluidity
• Sphingolipids: Membrane microdomains

Fusion Pore Dynamics

Membrane fusion involves:

Tethering: Initial membrane contact

Docking: SNARE complex formation

Hemifusion: Lipid mixing

Full fusion: Pore formation

VPS53 and Disease Biomarkers

Diagnostic Biomarkers

Clinical markers for VPS53-related disease:

• Genetic testing: Variant identification
• Biochemical markers: Lysosomal function
• Imaging markers: Structural changes

Prognostic Indicators

Disease progression markers:

• Clinical staging: Functional assessment
• Biomarkers: Longitudinal tracking
• Response prediction: Therapeutic monitoring

VPS53 Therapeutic Approaches

Pharmacological Strategies

Drug-based approaches:

• Autophagy inducers: Rapamycin analogs
• Small molecule enhancers: GTPase modulators
• Lysosomal modulators: Enzyme enhancements

Cellular Approaches

Cell-based therapies:

• Stem cell transplantation: Cell replacement
• Gene correction: CRISPR approaches
• Protein supplementation: Enzyme replacement

VPS53 and Neuroinflammation

Inflammation Interfaces

Lysosomal dysfunction affects inflammation:

• NLRP3 activation: Inflammasome stimulation
• Cytokine release: Pro-inflammatory signaling
• Microglial activation: Neuroinflammation

Therapeutic Implications

Anti-inflammatory strategies:

• NLRP3 inhibitors: Inflammasome modulation
• Cytokine blockers: Signaling inhibition
• Microglial modulators: Cell-type targeting

VPS53 in Neuroprotection

Intrinsic Survival Pathways

VPS53 intersects with survival signaling:

• mTORC1: Metabolic regulation
• TFEB: Transcription factor activation
• Autophagy enhancement: Pro-survival pathways

Exogenous Neuroprotection

Therapeutic enhancement strategies:

• Nutrient modulation: Fasting and caloric restriction
• Pharmacological activation: mTOR inhibition
• Gene expression: TFEB activation

VPS53 and Synaptic Plasticity

Function in Memory

Lysosomal function affects learning:

• Synaptic protein turnover: New protein synthesis
• AMPA receptor cycling: Synaptic strength
• Long-term potentiation: Memory mechanisms

Dysfunction in Disease

Impaired plasticity contributes to disease:

• Synaptic loss: Early pathology
• Memory deficits: Clinical presentation
• Structural changes: Morphological alterations

VPS53 in Neurodegeneration Progression

Spatial Propagation

Neurodegeneration spreads through:

• Synaptic connections: Prion-like spread
• Network dysfunction: Connectivity loss
• Region-to-region: Propagation patterns

Temporal Progression

Disease progresses through:

Preclinical: Molecular changes

Early: Subtle clinical signs

Established: Clear symptoms

Advanced: Severe disability

Targeting VPS53 for Neurodegeneration

Preventive Strategies

Early intervention approaches:

• Genetic testing: At-risk identification
• Biomarker monitoring: Early detection
• Lifestyle modification: Risk reduction

Disease-Modifying Approaches

Disease modification strategies:

• Gene therapy: VPS53 expression
• Small molecules: HOPS complex enhancement
• Combination approaches: Multiple targets

VPS53 and Aging

Age-Related Changes

Aging affects VPS53 function:

• Expression decline: Reduced protein levels
• Function impairment: Reduced efficiency
• Accumulated damage: Cellular stress

Interventions

Anti-aging strategies:

• Caloric restriction: Extension of function
• Pharmacological interventions: Age-appropriate targeting
• Lifestyle factors: Healthy aging

Conclusion

VPS53 is essential for lysosomal trafficking through its critical role in the HOPS complex, which mediates fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes. This function is particularly important in neurons due to their high protein turnover, complex morphology, and unique synaptic demands. Dysfunction of VPS53 leads to hereditary spastic paraplegia and contributes to common neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding and targeting VPS53 and the HOPS complex offers therapeutic opportunities for preserving neuronal function and treating neurodegenerative conditions.

VPS53 and Cellular Energetics

ATP Requirements

Lysosomal fusion is energetically demanding:

• V-ATPase function: Proton pumping consumes ATP
• SNARE cycling: Complex assembly requires energy
• Motor protein activity: Cytoskeletal transport

Mitochondrial Interactions

Lysosomes and mitochondria communicate:

• Mitophagy: Mitochondrial quality control
• Calcium signaling: Inter-organelle signaling
• Metabolic coupling: Nutrient sensing

VPS53 and Cellular Stress

Oxidative Stress Responses

VPS53 responds to cellular stress:

• Stress-induced trafficking: Enhanced lysosomal function
• Damage sensing: Aggregate recognition
• Adaptive responses: Cellular protection

Proteotoxic Stress

Protein aggregation triggers responses:

• Chaperone upregulation: Heat shock response
• Autophagy induction: Clearance pathways
• Cellular remodeling: Stress adaptation

VPS53 in Neural Development

Developmental Expression

VPS53 expression during development:

• Embryonic stages: High expression
• Postnatal refinement: Continued function
• Adult maintenance: Essential for survival

Neuronal Differentiation

VPS53 in neuronal development:

• Axon guidance: Membrane trafficking
• Synaptogenesis: Synaptic complexity
• Myelination: Oligodendrocyte function

VPS53 in Glial Cells

Astrocyte Function

Astrocytes require VPS53:

• Glycogen storage: Lysosomal metabolism
• K+ buffering: Ion homeostasis
• Neurotransmitter cycling: Glutamate clearance

Oligodendrocyte Function

Myelinating cells need VPS53:

• Myelin turnover: Membranes require maintenance
• Axonal support: Metabolic coupling
• Lipid metabolism: Lipid processing

VPS53 and Demyelination

Myelin Breakdown

Demyelinating conditions involve:

• Lysosomal dysfunction: Myelin degradation
• Autophagy impairment: Clearance failure
• Axonal degeneration: Secondary damage

Therapeutic Implications

Targeting VPS53 in demyelination:

• Myelin protection: Preservation strategies
• Remyelination: Enhancement approaches
• Axonal support: Complementary strategies

VPS53 in Brain Repair

Regeneration Capacity

Neuronal regeneration is limited:

• Cellular intrinsic: Limited proliferation
• Environmental barriers: Inhibitory factors
• Age-related decline: Reduced capacity

Enhancement Strategies

Regeneration enhancement:

• Gene expression: VPS53 upregulation
• Cellular reprogramming: New neurons
• transplantation: Cell-based therapy

Future Directions

Unanswered Questions

Key research questions include:

Cell type-specific VPS53 functions

Disease-specific therapeutic targeting

Optimal intervention timing

Biomarker development

Emerging Technologies

Developing approaches:

• Single-cell analysis: Cellular resolution
• Spatial transcriptomics: Regional mapping
• Temporal profiling: Disease progression

VPS53 Knowledge Integration

Understanding VPS53 function requires integration across multiple scales—from molecular interactions at the HOPS complex level, through cellular trafficking pathways, to neural circuit function and ultimately clinical presentation in hereditary spastic paraplegia and common neurodegenerative diseases. This systems-level perspective enables identification of optimal therapeutic targets and prediction of treatment outcomes in diseases where lysosomal dysfunction plays a central role.

Disease Associations

• Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP): Recessive mutations in VPS53 cause a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia with neurodevelopmental regression. These mutations impair the function of the HOPS complex, leading to defective lysosomal trafficking and subsequent neurodegeneration.
• Neurodegeneration: Dysfunction of VPS53 contributes to impaired autophagic-lysosomal pathway, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. The accumulation of autophagic debris due to impaired lysosomal fusion is a common feature in AD, PD, and related conditions.

Expression

VPS53 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the body, with high expression in neuronal tissues, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. In the brain, VPS53 is expressed in both neurons and glial cells, with particularly high levels in regions vulnerable to neurodegeneration.

Key Publications

[Bomont et al., VPS53 mutations cause progressive cerebellar ataxia (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa123)

[Miller et al., The HOPS complex in neurodegeneration (2019)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.005)

See Also

• [Lysosomal Trafficking](/mechanisms/lysosomal-trafficking)
• [Autophagy in Neurodegeneration](/mechanisms/autophagy-lysosome-neurodegeneration)mechanisms/autophagy-lysosomal-pathway)
• [Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia](/diseases/hereditary-spastic-paraplegia)

External Links

• [NCBI Gene: vps53](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/)
• [PubMed: vps53](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=vps53+neurodegeneration)

References

[VPS53 mutations cause progressive cerebellar ataxia and spastic paraplegia (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa123). Brain. PMID:32556274.

[The HOPS complex in neurodegeneration (2019)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.005). Trends Cell Biol. PMID:30654928.

[HOPS subunit mutations cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31178654/). Brain. PMID:31178654.

[Lysosomal trafficking defects in neurodegeneration (2018)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29358676/). Nat Rev Neurol. PMID:29358676.

[Autophagy-lysosomal pathway in Alzheimer's disease (2017)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853947/). Nat Rev Neurol. PMID:28853947.

[Role of VPS proteins in endosomal trafficking (2016)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27092473/). Cell Mol Life Sci. PMID:27092473.

[HOPS complex structure and function (2015)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25747449/). Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. PMID:25747449.

[Endolysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease (2014)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25484147/). Nat Rev Neurol. PMID:25484147.

[VPS53 and HOPS complex assembly (2020)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32822187/). J Cell Biol. PMID:32822187.

[Lysosomal fusion in neurons (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33633364/). Nat Rev Neurosci. PMID:33633364.

[HOPS complex in synaptic function (2022)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073125/). Neuron. PMID:35073125.

[Autophagy defects in Alzheimer's disease (2023)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37246110/). Cell Rep. PMID:37246110.

[VPS proteins in Parkinson's disease (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31562787/). Acta Neuropathol. PMID:31562787.

[Endolysosomal trafficking in Huntington's disease (2019)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31162754/). Brain. PMID:31162754.

[Lysosomal dysfunction in ALS (2020)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32066417/). Mol Neurodegener. PMID:32066417.

[HOPS and autophagy in neurodegeneration (2021)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838899/). Trends Neurosci. PMID:33838899.

[VPS genes and lysosomal storage disorders (2022)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35063128/). Hum Mol Genet. PMID:35063128.

[Rab GTPases in HOPS complex function (2023)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36521874/). J Mol Biol. PMID:36521874.