concept

BUTYRATE

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about BUTYRATE: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

96Connections

9Hypotheses

12Analyses

50Outgoing

13Incoming

7Experiments

13Debates

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💡 Concept Info

Name	BUTYRATE

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    BUTYRATE["BUTYRATE"]
    BUTYRATE -->|"activates"| Intestinal_Epithelial_Cells["Intestinal Epithelial Cells"]
    BUTYRATE -->|"inhibits"| HISTONE_DEACETYLASE["HISTONE DEACETYLASE"]
    BUTYRATE -->|"inhibits"| HDAC["HDAC"]
    BUTYRATE -->|"maintains"| INTESTINAL_BARRIER["INTESTINAL_BARRIER"]
    BUTYRATE -->|"produced_by"| FAECALIBACTERIUM["FAECALIBACTERIUM"]
    BUTYRATE -.protects against.-> Blood_Brain_Barrier_Integrity["Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity"]
    BUTYRATE -->|"involved_in"| Gut_Brain_Communication["Gut-Brain Communication"]

Outgoing (83)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
Cognitive Impairment	treats	phenotype	0.95
HISTONE DEACETYLASE	inhibits	enzyme	0.95
Intestinal Epithelial Cells	activates	cell_type	0.95
Quinolinic Acid-Induced Cognitive Decline	protects_against	phenotype	0.90
BDNF	upregulates	protein	0.90
HDAC activity	inhibits	protein	0.90
neuroinflammation	decreases_risk	phenotype	0.90
Intestinal Epithelial Cells	associated_with	cell_type	0.90
HDAC inhibition	activates	mechanism	0.90
Tight Junction Protein Formation	associated_with	process	0.90
neuroprotection	decreases_risk	phenotype	0.90
BBB transit	causes	phenotype	0.90
liver metabolism	causes	phenotype	0.90
Multiorgan Dysfunction	treats	phenotype	0.90
Histone Acylation	modulates	process	0.85
Lifespan	associated_with	phenotype	0.85
H3K18Ac	upregulates	biomarker	0.85
Intestinal Epithelial Cell	expressed_in	cell_type	0.85
Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity	protects_against	phenotype	0.85
Gut-Brain Communication	involved_in	pathway	0.85
Brain Trauma Recovery	treats	phenotype	0.80
Intestinal Epithelial Cells	expressed_in	cell_type	0.80
Brain Trauma Recovery	associated_with	phenotype	0.80
Neurodegeneration	protects_against	phenotype	0.80
Intestinal Barrier Disruption	treats	phenotype	0.80
Dementia	treats	disease	0.75
gut barrier integrity	associated_with	phenotype	0.75
GPR41	activates	gene	0.70
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms	regulates	phenotype	0.70
HDAC Inhibition	causes	phenotype	0.70
peripheral immune modulation	modulates	mechanism	0.70
macrophages	inhibits	cell_type	0.70
HDAC2	inhibits	gene	0.70
microglial_activation	associated_with	phenotype	0.70
neuroinflammation	associated_with	phenotype	0.70
GPR43	activates	protein	0.70
systemic inflammation	modulates	process	0.70
neurotoxin-induced parkinsonism	protective_against	phenotype	0.70
systemic inflammation	reduces	mechanism	0.70
alpha-synuclein pathology	reduces	phenotype	0.70
GLP-1 signaling	modulates	pathway	0.70
Neuroinflammation	prevents	phenotype	0.70
alpha-synuclein pathology	reduces	phenotype	0.70
GLP-1 signaling	increases	pathway	0.70
rotenone model	protective_against	model	0.70
HDAC1	inhibits	gene	0.70
NF-κB	inhibits	protein	0.70
HDAC3	inhibits	protein	0.70
Aβ plaque burden	reduces	phenotype	0.70
Aβ plaque burden	reduces	phenotype	0.70

Incoming (13)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
Gut Dysbiosis	associated_with	phenotype	0.90
Microbiota	associated_with	cell_type	0.90
Tributyrin	associated_with	drug	0.90
38565643	mediates anti-inflammatory role through	paper	0.90
38565643	mediates anti-inflammatory effects through direct effects on	paper	0.90
Prevotellaceae	produces	microbiome	0.90
Prevotellaceae	associated_with	gene	0.90
Intestinal Barrier Disruption	associated_with	phenotype	0.85
Herba Patriniae With Probiotics	upregulates	drug	0.85
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	promotes	drug	0.80
Gut Dysbiosis	downregulates	phenotype	0.80
Butyrate-producing bacteria	produces	process	0.70
Gut dysbiosis	reduces	process	0.70

Targeting Hypotheses (9)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Receptor (HCAR2) Signaling Links Ketone	0.808	neurodegeneration	What are the precise temporal dynamics o
Targeted Butyrate Supplementation for Microglial Phenotype M	0.805	neurodegeneration	What are the mechanisms by which gut mic
Gut-BBB Axis: Tributyrin/Butyrate HDAC Inhibition Epigenetic	0.712	-	Blood-brain barrier permeability changes
Butyrate-Producing Commensal Depletion Creates Vicious Cycle	0.630	neurodegeneration	How does gut microbiome dysbiosis contri
Gut-derived butyrate reprograms microglia for amyloid cleara	0.525	alzheimers	Gut-Brain Axis Therapeutics for AD

Propionate may outperform acetate or butyrate at physiologic	0.440	neurodegeneration	Do physiological concentrations of SCFAs
H2S/butyrate imbalance drives enteric alpha-synuclein pathol	0.380	parkinsons	-
Gut butyrate deficiency impairs microglial amyloid clearance	0.380	alzheimers	Gut-Brain Axis Therapeutics for Alzheime
Prevotellaceae-Derived Butyrate Supplementation as Neuroprot	0.000	-	What are the mechanisms by which gut mic

Mentioning Analyses (12)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

How does gut microbiome dysbiosis contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegen

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-26 | 7 hypotheses Top: 0.728

Do physiological concentrations of SCFAs (μM range) achieve therapeutic effects

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-24 | 6 hypotheses Top: 0.670

How do gut microbiome-derived metabolites SCFAs LPS TMAO influence alpha-synucle

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-16 | 1 hypotheses Top: 0.703

How does engineered C. butyricum cross the blood-brain barrier to directly bind

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-15 | 2 hypotheses Top: 0.699

Do SCFAs directly modulate α-synuclein aggregation in vivo at physiologically re

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-12 | 2 hypotheses Top: 0.682

Experiments (7)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Model	Status	Est. Cost
GPR109A receptor validation using knockout macrophages	exploratory	Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumoni	0.920	GPR109A knockout mouse macroph	proposed	N/A
Periodontitis-induced colonic inflammation in mice	validation	Periodontitis and intestinal i	0.900	C57BL/6J mice	proposed	N/A
Fecal microbiota transplantation from periodontitis donors	validation	Periodontitis-associated gut d	0.900	Germ-free mice with fecal micr	proposed	N/A
GPR109A functional modulation with pharmacological agents	validation	Periodontitis with intestinal	0.880	C57BL/6J mice with ligature-in	proposed	N/A
Probiotic CBM588 supplementation rescue experiment	validation	Periodontitis-associated intes	0.850	C57BL/6J mice with periodontit	proposed	N/A
Single nucleus RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of postmortem PD brain tissue (n=1	gene_expression	Parkinson's disease	0.500	postmortem_human_tissue	extracted	N/A
Individuals with SNCA pathogenic variants reported painful dystonia, l	genetic_association	Parkinson's disease	0.500	human	extracted	N/A

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year
GPR109a-AMPK axis mediates the Attenuation of uric acid-induced M1 macrophage po [PMID:41882026]	Du M, He Y, Zhu Y, Chen W, Chen X, Yang	Scientific reports	2026
Gut microbiota-derived isovaleric acid alleviates atrial fibrillation by suppres [PMID:41638192]	Ding N, Wu H, Hua Y, Hua R, Li B, Xie Y,	Cell metabolism	2026
Therapeutic strategies for hypertension: exploring the role of microbiota-derive [PMID:40637840]	Tortelote GG	Pediatr Nephrol	2026
Xin-Jia-Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang restores the intestinal barrier to alleviate irritable [PMID:41655800]	Zhu J, Yang L, Fang Z, Chen J, Fu R, Liu	Microbial pathogenesis	2026
Cranberry extract-supplemented microbiota effluents enhance intestinal barrier i [PMID:41680408]	Cattero V, Mayer T, Veilleux A, Roussel	Scientific reports	2026
Qingfei Tongluo Jiedu Formula Regulates M2 Macrophage Polarization via the Butyr [PMID:41754753]	Liu Z, Fan Q, Sun R, Jiang Y	Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switze	2026
Periodontitis promotes intestinal inflammation through gut microbiota-mediated s [PMID:41816355]	Wang X, Xu Z, Yao Y, Jia H, Du M, Wang S	Frontiers in cellular and infe	2026
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (GPR109A) and retinopathies: pathways and pros [PMID:41889514]	Lester J, Amamoo R, Thounaojam MC, Marti	Frontiers in medicine	2026
Enhancing TREM2 expression activates microglia and modestly mitigates tau pathol [PMID:40122810]	["Chen Kai", "Li Fuyao", "Zhang Shuwen",	Journal of neuroinflammation	2025
Enhancing TREM2 expression activates microglia and modestly mitigates tau pathol [PMID:40122810]	["Chen Kai", "Li Fuyao", "Zhang Shuwen",	Journal of neuroinflammation	2025
Exercise-induced β-hydroxybutyrate contributes to cognitive improvement in aging [PMID:41421649]	Wang L, Mao L, Zhu D, Li K, Gao H, Zhou	Journal of sport and health sc	2025
Chaperone-mediated autophagy, heat shock protein 70, and serotonin: novel target [PMID:40319428]	["Mohamed R", "Abdallah D", "El-Abhar H"	Inflammopharmacology	2025
Not Just an Alternative Energy Source: Diverse Biological Functions of Ketone Bo [PMID:40305364]	Suresh VV, Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Pr	Biomolecules	2025
β-Hydroxybutyrate Regulates Activated Microglia to Alleviate Neurodegenerative P [PMID:36771231]	Jayashankar SS, Tajul Arifin K, Nasarudd	Nutrients	2023
Bacterial factors required for Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection with influen [PMID:34452635]	Chen YY, Huang CT, Li SW, Pan YJ, Lin TL	Journal of biomedical science	2021
Neurodegeneration and Inflammation-An Interesting Interplay in Parkinson's Disea [PMID:33182554]	Marogianni C, Sokratous M, Dardiotis E,	International journal of molec	2020
Face masks considerably reduce COVID-19 cases in Germany. [PMID:33273115]	Mitze T, Kosfeld R, Rode J, Wälde K	Proceedings of the National Ac	2020
Serum neuronal exosomes predict and differentiate Parkinson's disease from atypi [PMID:32273329]	Jiang C, Hopfner F, Katsikoudi A, Hein R	Journal of neurology, neurosur	2020
Neurodegeneration and Inflammation-An Interesting Interplay in Parkinson's Disea [PMID:33182554]	Marogianni C, Sokratous M, Dardiotis E,	International journal of molec	2020
Adapting Drosophila melanogaster Cell Lines to Serum-Free Culture Conditions. [PMID:33028628]	Luhur A, Mariyappa D, Klueg KM, Buddika	G3 (Bethesda, Md.)	2020

Debates (13)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

Debate: SCFA Deficiency Drives Microglial Hyperactivation via GPR43/NF-κB Dysreg

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.13 · 2026-04-27

How does gut microbiome dysbiosis contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegen

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.76 · 2026-04-26

Do physiological concentrations of SCFAs (μM range) achieve therapeutic effects

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.63 · 2026-04-24

This analysis aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbiome dysbiosis

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.82 · 2026-04-22

The debate highlighted that while SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier, the a

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-20

How do gut microbiome-derived metabolites SCFAs LPS TMAO influence alpha-synucle

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.84 · 2026-04-16

The abstract claims C. butyricum-GLP-1 crosses the BBB and binds to GLP-1 recept

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.95 · 2026-04-15

The debate identified a critical mechanistic gap between SCFA production by gut

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.70 · 2026-04-12

Does reduced Prevotellaceae abundance cause PD pathology or result from it?

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.95 · 2026-04-11

Gut-Brain Axis Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease?

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.94 · 2026-04-10

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning BUTYRATE in their description or question text

Propionate may outperform acetate or butyrate at physiological exposure, but mai

Score: 0.440 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-24

Propionate is the most plausible exploratory monotherapy candidate only because it may have somewhat more realistic syst

Gut butyrate deficiency impairs microglial amyloid clearance via HDAC2-mediated

Score: 0.380 · alzheimers · 2026-04-27

Gut dysbiosis in Alzheimer's disease reduces butyrate-producing bacteria (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intest

Prevotellaceae-Derived Butyrate Supplementation as Neuroprotective Therapy

Score: 0.000 · unknown disease · 2026-04-28

Targeted butyrate supplementation to restore neuroprotective short-chain fatty acid signaling, addressing reduced Prevot

BUTYRATE

Understanding Entity Pages

Pathway Diagram

Outgoing (83)

Incoming (13)

Targeting Hypotheses (9)

Mentioning Analyses (12)

How does gut microbiome dysbiosis contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegen

Do physiological concentrations of SCFAs (μM range) achieve therapeutic effects

How do gut microbiome-derived metabolites SCFAs LPS TMAO influence alpha-synucle

How does engineered C. butyricum cross the blood-brain barrier to directly bind

Do SCFAs directly modulate α-synuclein aggregation in vivo at physiologically re

Does reduced Prevotellaceae abundance cause PD pathology or result from it?

What brain concentrations of SCFAs are achieved via oral probiotics and are they

Gut-Brain Axis Therapeutics for AD

Gut-Brain Axis Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease

What are the mechanisms by which gut microbiome dysbiosis influences Parkinson's

What are the mechanisms by which gut microbiome dysbiosis influences Parkinson's

What are the mechanisms by which gut microbiome dysbiosis influences Parkinson's

Experiments (7)

Related Papers (20)

Debates (13)

Debate: SCFA Deficiency Drives Microglial Hyperactivation via GPR43/NF-κB Dysreg

How does gut microbiome dysbiosis contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegen

Do physiological concentrations of SCFAs (μM range) achieve therapeutic effects

This analysis aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbiome dysbiosis

The debate highlighted that while SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier, the a

How do gut microbiome-derived metabolites SCFAs LPS TMAO influence alpha-synucle

The abstract claims C. butyricum-GLP-1 crosses the BBB and binds to GLP-1 recept

The debate identified a critical mechanistic gap between SCFA production by gut

Does reduced Prevotellaceae abundance cause PD pathology or result from it?

Gut-Brain Axis Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease?

Related Research

Propionate may outperform acetate or butyrate at physiological exposure, but mai

Gut butyrate deficiency impairs microglial amyloid clearance via HDAC2-mediated

Prevotellaceae-Derived Butyrate Supplementation as Neuroprotective Therapy