Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node
This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about PAL: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.
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| Name | PAL |
| Key Genes/Proteins | HK2, LDHA, LDHB, MCT1, MCT2, MCT4 |
| Related Diseases | Vascular Dementia |
| Related Pathways | glutamate metabolism, Lactate Shuttle |
| Linked Hypotheses | 1 hypotheses |
Knowledge base pages for this entity
graph TD
PAL[PAL]
PAL -->|promotes| Lactate_Shuttle[Lactate Shuttle]
PAL -->|regulates| glutamate_metabolism[glutamate metabolism]
PAL -->|downregulates| SLC17A7[SLC17A7]
PAL -.protects against.-> Hippocampal_Ca1[Hippocampal Ca1]
PAL -->|suppresses| APOPTOSIS[APOPTOSIS]
PAL -->|downregulates| SLCA6[SLCA6]
PAL -->|upregulates| MCT2[MCT2]
PAL -->|upregulates| MCT4[MCT4]
PAL -->|upregulates| MCT1[MCT1]
PAL -->|treats| Vascular_Dementia[Vascular Dementia]| Target | Relation | Type | Str |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lactate Shuttle | promotes | mechanism | 0.95 |
| SLC17A7 | downregulates | gene | 0.90 |
| Hippocampal Ca1 | protects_against | brain_region | 0.90 |
| glutamate metabolism | regulates | pathway | 0.90 |
| APOPTOSIS | suppresses | process | 0.90 |
| SLCA6 | downregulates | gene | 0.85 |
| MCT4 | upregulates | gene | 0.85 |
| MCT2 | upregulates | gene | 0.85 |
| MCT1 | upregulates | gene | 0.85 |
| Vascular Dementia | treats | disease | 0.85 |
| LDHA | upregulates | gene | 0.80 |
| LDHB | upregulates | gene | 0.80 |
| PFKFB3 | upregulates | gene | 0.80 |
| PDH | upregulates | gene | 0.80 |
| HK2 | upregulates | gene | 0.80 |
| Source | Relation | Type | Str |
|---|---|---|---|
| No incoming edges | |||
Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target
Scientific analyses that reference this entity
No analyses mention this entity
Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity
| Experiment | Type | Disease | Score | Feasibility | Model | Status | Est. Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant-based dietary patterns and Alzheimer's disease risk in multiethn | clinical | Alzheimer's disease and relate | 0.950 | 0.00 | human patients | proposed | N/A |
| Tet2 modulation in Aβ42-injured mouse hippocampal neurons | exploratory | Alzheimer's disease | 0.900 | 0.00 | primary mouse hippocampal neur | proposed | N/A |
| SIRPα modulation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease | validation | Alzheimer's disease | 0.900 | 0.00 | mouse models of Alzheimer's di | proposed | N/A |
| Spp1 knockout prevents synaptic loss in AD mouse models | validation | Alzheimer's disease | 0.900 | 0.00 | Spp1 knockout AD mouse models | proposed | N/A |
| Synaptic plasticity and protein expression analysis in mPFC | exploratory | insomnia-anxiety comorbidity | 0.850 | 0.00 | mPFC brain slices from PCPA-tr | proposed | N/A |
| Microglial SIRPα expression in human Alzheimer's disease tissue | exploratory | Alzheimer's disease | 0.800 | 0.00 | human brain tissue | proposed | N/A |
| Closed-loop tFUS Enhances Glymphatic Clearance and Restores CA1 PV Int | in_vivo | Alzheimer's disease | 0.765 | 0.55 | APP/PS1 mice 8-11 months (n=10 | abandoned | $125,000 |
| tFUS Targeting EC-II SST Interneurons Restores Hippocampal-Prefrontal | in_vivo | Alzheimer's disease | 0.744 | 0.48 | hAPP-J20 mice (n=10/group x 3 | abandoned | $110,000 |
| Brain Connectivity-Targeted tACS Trial in Early AD | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.509 | 0.50 | human postmortem brain tissue | proposed | $520,000 |
| s:** - Test whether HCN1 knockout specifically in EC layer II accelera | falsification | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | cell_line | proposed | $80,000 |
| AD Amyloid-Resilient Phenotype Study — Why Some amyloid-Positive Indiv | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | human | proposed | $6,550,000 |
| AD Combination Therapy Trial: Anti-Aβ + Anti-Tau | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | cell_line | proposed | $180,000 |
| Biomarker-Guided Sequential Therapy Selection in Alzheimer's Disease | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | human | proposed | $5,460,000 |
| tACS Connectivity Trial in Early Alzheimer's | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | human | proposed | $5,460,000 |
| Brain Connectivity-Targeted tACS Trial in Early AD | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | mouse | proposed | $730,000 |
| Cognitive Reserve Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease — Molecular Basis | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | human | completed | $6,550,000 |
| Cholinergic System Dysfunction in DLB — Mechanisms and Therapeutic Res | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | human | proposed | $5,460,000 |
| Animal Model Comparison for Neurodegenerative Disease Therapeutics | clinical | Alzheimer's Disease | 0.400 | 0.50 | human | proposed | $7,100,000 |
Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity
| Title & PMID | Authors | Journal | Year | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling pathway mediates abnormal microglial phagocytosi [PMID:38642614] | Han QQ, Shen SY, Liang LF, Chen XR, Yu J | Brain Behav Immun | 2024 | 1 |
| Metabolic orchestration of cell death by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of RIPK1. [PMID:37384704] | Zhang T, Xu D, Trefts E, Lv M, Inuzuka H | Science | 2023 | 1 |
| Antidepressant effects of combined eucommia-gastrodia extract via modulation of [PMID:41921863] | Xue L, Pan Z, Liu Y, Gan Q, Liu D, Liu D | Brain research bulletin | 2026 | 0 |
| Complementary mechanisms of high-carbohydrate diets and ketogenic diets restore [PMID:41475465] | Kwon H, Seo DS, Ahmad Y, Park S, Yoo J, | The Journal of nutritional bio | 2026 | 0 |
| Anatomical and neurochemical profiles of somatostatin-positive neurons in the mo [PMID:41796787] | Tomioka R, Kobayashi K, Song WJ | Neuroscience | 2026 | 0 |
| Subtype-Specific Roles of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurons in Pain-Induced Soci [PMID:41799202] | Wan X, Yan Z, Zhang Z, Liu X, Yang D, Zh | Theranostics | 2026 | 0 |
| TrkB promotes the neuronal secretion of soluble Siglec-2 (CD22) to mitigate micr [PMID:41922794] | Shi X, Cai SZ, Chai JL, Xu CY, Zhou BY, | Molecular psychiatry | 2026 | 0 |
| The Potential Functions and Beneficial Effects of Melatonin on Cognitive Impairm [PMID:41917799] | Li XY, Cheng YZ, Zhang YM, Hu F, Fang SK | Brain and behavior | 2026 | 0 |
| Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease across diverse biological domains: an umbrell [PMID:40680830] | Kang J, Son Y, Yim Y, Cho H, Kim J et al | J Adv Res | 2026 | 0 |
| Nanotherapeutic potential of Baicalein-encapsulated hUC-MSC exosomes in Alzheime [PMID:41370943] | Xu J, He Z, Pan Y, Cao B, Chen G | Biomater Adv | 2026 | 0 |
| Epigenetic mechanisms and therapeutic innovations in chronic pain-associated neu [PMID:41554641] | Zhang K, Zhu S, Xing N, Zhou Z, Chen J e | Br J Pharmacol | 2026 | 0 |
| Postbiotics and the gut-brain axis: A mechanistic review on modulating neuroinfl [PMID:41570486] | Lahariya R, Anand G, Kumari B, Priyadars | J Neuroimmunol | 2026 | 0 |
| miRNA-206 in muscle and central nervous system crosstalk during exercise: A doub [PMID:41571168] | Malvandi AM, Gerosa L, Maroni P, Orlando | Neurosci Biobehav Rev | 2026 | 0 |
| Experts' narrative review "Mastication, Hippocampal Structure Changes and Cognit [PMID:41576846] | Piancino MG | Arch Oral Biol | 2026 | 0 |
| Plant-derived bioactive compounds modulate the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's dis [PMID:41678917] | Xue D, Hu X, Li R, Sun T, Qian S et al. | Phytomedicine | 2026 | 0 |
| A comparative analysis of pig-to-rhesus corneal xenotransplantation with various [PMID:41928466] | Lee SH, Yoon CH, Choi HJ, Lee HJ, Kang H | Korean J Ophthalmol | 2026 | 0 |
| Dysregulation of Drp1 and Mfn2 is associated with reduced PSD-95, synaptophysin, [PMID:41932483] | Alfateh M, Vasconcelos C, Choker AH, Moh | Int J Biol Macromol | 2026 | 0 |
| AICAR improves depression-like behaviors and is associated with hippocampal AMPK [PMID:41932583] | Takahashi K, Kurokawa K, Kawaguchi R, Ta | Neurochem Int | 2026 | 0 |
| Epigenetically regulated pancreatic GABA-somatostatin signaling underlies gestat [PMID:41779871] | Zhu H, Luo S, Liu C, Cheng Y, Ren Z, Mo | Science translational medicine | 2026 | 0 |
| Therapeutic Potential of Somatostatin and Its Analogues in Alzheimer's Disease: [PMID:41854733] | Liu K, Zhang XY, Wang YT, Wang R, Jin RH | Molecular neurobiology | 2026 | 0 |
Multi-agent debates referencing this entity
No debates reference this entity
Hypotheses and analyses mentioning PAL in their description or question text
Score: 0.865 · alzheimers · 2026-04-05
## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscillations via direct
Score: 0.865 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07
## Mechanistic Overview Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations via selective PV interneuron activatio
Score: 0.827 · alzheimers · 2026-04-16
## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscillations via glymph
Score: 0.827 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07
## Mechanistic Overview Real-time gamma-guided transcranial focused ultrasound targeting EC-II SST interneurons to resto
Score: 0.820 · alzheimers · 2026-04-02
## Mechanistic Overview Hippocampal CA3-CA1 circuit rescue via neurogenesis and synaptic preservation starts from the cl
Score: 0.797 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07
## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons with real-time gamma f
Score: 0.767 · alzheimers · 2026-04-12
## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscillations via somato
Score: 0.760 · neuroscience · 2026-04-07
## **Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The cholinergic basal forebrain-hippocampal circuit protection hypothesis cent
Score: 0.751 · neuroscience · 2026-04-07
## Mechanistic Overview Dopaminergic Ventral Tegmental-Hippocampal Circuit Protection starts from the claim that modulat
Score: 0.711 · alzheimers · 2026-04-28
Excessive ERK1/2 activation in AD hippocampus phosphorylates tau at Ser202/Thr205 (AT8) and Thr231 (AT180) epitopes. Gam
Score: 0.693 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-02
## Mechanistic Overview Palmitoylation-Targeted BACE1 Trafficking Disruptors starts from the claim that modulating BACE1
Score: 0.680 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22
## **Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The proposed mechanism centers on a complex interplay between gut microbiota,
Score: 0.676 · alzheimers · 2026-04-28
Alzheimer's pathology disrupts circadian PER1/2 and BMAL1 rhythms in hippocampal neurons. Gamma entrainment, particularl
Score: 0.670 · alzheimers · 2026-04-28
Delivering 40 Hz (gamma) tFUS or sensory entrainment adaptively synchronized to real-time theta phase detection to resto
Score: 0.668 · neuroscience · 2026-04-04
## Mechanistic Overview Locus Coeruleus-Hippocampal Circuit Protection starts from the claim that modulating MAPT within