HIF-1α Protein

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HIF-1α Protein

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HIF-1α Protein

<table class="infobox infobox-protein">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">HIF-1α Protein</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Category</td>
<td>Representative Genes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Glycolysis</td>
<td>GLUT1, HK2, LDHA, PDK1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Angiogenesis</td>
<td>[VEGF](/entities/vegf), ANGPT2, PDGF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Erythropoiesis</td>
<td>EPO (erythropoietin)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Iron metabolism</td>
<td>Transferrin, TFRC, DMT1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">pH regulation</td>
<td>CA9, CA12 (carbonic anhydrases)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Cell survival</td>
<td>BNIP3, NIX (mitophagy)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Inflammation</td>
<td>iNOS, COX-2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Interactor</td>
<td>Relationship</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">HIF-1β/ARNT</td>
<td>Dimerization partner</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">pVHL</td>
<td>E3 ligase, targets for degradation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">PHD1-3</td>
<td>Prolyl hydroxylases</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">FIH</td>
<td>Asparaginyl hydroxylase</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">p300/CBP</td>
<td>Coactivators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">HSP90</td>
<td>Chaperone, stabilizes HIF-1α</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">[mTOR](/mechanisms/mtor-signaling-pathway)</td>
<td>Activates HIF-1α translation</td>
</tr>
<tr>

...

HIF-1α Protein

<table class="infobox infobox-protein">
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2">HIF-1α Protein</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Category</td>
<td>Representative Genes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Glycolysis</td>
<td>GLUT1, HK2, LDHA, PDK1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Angiogenesis</td>
<td>[VEGF](/entities/vegf), ANGPT2, PDGF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Erythropoiesis</td>
<td>EPO (erythropoietin)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Iron metabolism</td>
<td>Transferrin, TFRC, DMT1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">pH regulation</td>
<td>CA9, CA12 (carbonic anhydrases)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Cell survival</td>
<td>BNIP3, NIX (mitophagy)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Inflammation</td>
<td>iNOS, COX-2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Interactor</td>
<td>Relationship</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">HIF-1β/ARNT</td>
<td>Dimerization partner</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">pVHL</td>
<td>E3 ligase, targets for degradation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">PHD1-3</td>
<td>Prolyl hydroxylases</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">FIH</td>
<td>Asparaginyl hydroxylase</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">p300/CBP</td>
<td>Coactivators</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">HSP90</td>
<td>Chaperone, stabilizes HIF-1α</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">[mTOR](/mechanisms/mtor-signaling-pathway)</td>
<td>Activates HIF-1α translation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">Associated Diseases</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/ad" style="color:#ef9a9a">AD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ali" style="color:#ef9a9a">ALI</a>, <a href="/wiki/als" style="color:#ef9a9a">ALS</a>, <a href="/wiki/alzheimer" style="color:#ef9a9a">ALZHEIMER</a>, <a href="/wiki/aging" style="color:#ef9a9a">Aging</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="label">KG Connections</td>
<td><a href="/atlas" style="color:#4fc3f7">586 edges</a></td>
</tr>
</table>

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 1em; background: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius: 5px; font-size: 0.9em; width: 280px;">
<strong>HIF-1α</strong><br>
<i>Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha</i>
<hr>
<strong>Symbol:</strong> HIF1A<br>
<strong>UniProt:</strong> [Q16665](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q16665)<br>
<strong>Gene:</strong> [HIF1A](/entities/hif1a)<br>
<strong>Molecular Weight:</strong> 120.6 kDa<br>
<strong>Location:</strong> Nucleus, Cytoplasm<br>
<strong>PDB:</strong> [4H6J](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4H6J), [1LQB](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LQB)
</div>

Pathway Diagram

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

Overview

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is the oxygen-regulated subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor complex. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α escapes proteasomal degradation and translocates to the nucleus, where it dimerizes with constitutively expressed HIF-1β (ARNT) to activate genes involved in adaptation to low oxygen[@wang1995].

In neurodegenerative diseases, HIF-1α plays complex roles: while its activation can be neuroprotective by promoting glycolysis, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis, chronic or dysregulated HIF-1α signaling may contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction[@chou2017].

Structure and Domains

HIF-1α contains:

bHLH domain (1-80): Basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding
PAS-A domain (90-199): Dimerization with HIF-1β
PAS-B domain (201-329): Additional dimerization interface
ODD domain (401-603): Oxygen-dependent degradation domain
Pro402, Pro564: Prolyl hydroxylation targets
Asn803: Asparaginyl hydroxylation site
TAD-N (531-575): N-terminal transactivation domain
TAD-C (786-826): C-terminal transactivation domain

Oxygen sensing mechanism: Under normoxia, prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate Pro402 and Pro564, enabling von Hippel-Lindau (pVHL) E3 ligase binding and proteasomal degradation[@jaakkola2001].

Normal Function

Hypoxia Response

When oxygen is limited:

PHD inactivation: Reduced prolyl hydroxylation

HIF-1α stabilization: Half-life increases from <5 min to >60 min

Nuclear translocation: HIF-1α enters nucleus

Dimerization: Forms HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimer

DNA binding: Binds hypoxia response elements (HREs)

Transcription: Activates target genes

Target Genes

HIF-1α regulates >200 genes involved in:

Physiological Roles

Development: Embryonic survival requires HIF-1α
Ischemia adaptation: Limits tissue damage during stroke
Wound healing: Promotes revascularization
Exercise: Muscle adaptation to training

Role in Neurodegeneration

Alzheimer's Disease

HIF-1α shows complex alterations in AD[@ogunshola2009]:

Reduced HIF-1α: Lower levels in AD [hippocampus](/brain-regions/hippocampus) and [cortex](/brain-regions/cortex)
Impaired hypoxia response: Blunted transcriptional activation
[Aβ](/proteins/amyloid-beta) effects: Acute Aβ induces HIF-1α; chronic exposure suppresses it
[Tau](/proteins/tau) pathology: Tau may interfere with HIF-1α nuclear translocation
Cerebral hypoperfusion: Vascular dysfunction creates chronic low-grade hypoxia

Evidence: Reduced HIF-1α target gene expression correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients[@liu2023].

Parkinson's Disease

Dopaminergic vulnerability: Substantia nigra has high oxygen demand
HIF-1α neuroprotection: Stabilization protects dopaminergic [neurons](/entities/neurons)
Iron dysregulation: Altered HIF-1α affects iron homeostasis
DJ-1 interaction: DJ-1 (PARK7) stabilizes HIF-1α under oxidative stress

Therapeutic angle: Erythropoietin (EPO) and HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors show promise in PD models[@lee2020].

Stroke and Ischemia

Acute activation: HIF-1α rapidly induced after ischemic stroke
Dual roles: Protective (glycolysis, angiogenesis) and damaging (inflammation, [BBB](/entities/blood-brain-barrier) breakdown)
Timing matters: Early activation protective; delayed may be harmful
Preconditioning: Brief hypoxia activates HIF-1α and induces tolerance

Huntington's Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction: Impaired oxidative phosphorylation
**HIF-1α dysregulation: Reduced nuclear HIF-1α in HD models
PDK1: HIF-1α target that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
Metabolic shift: HD neurons show impaired glycolytic adaptation

ALS

Motor neuron hypoxia: High metabolic demand, vulnerable to ischemia
HIF-1α targets: EPO, VEGF show neuroprotective effects
[TDP-43](/mechanisms/tdp-43-proteinopathy) interaction: May affect HIF-1α regulation
SOD1: Mutant SOD1 may alter HIF-1α stability

Therapeutic Targeting

HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors (HIF-PHIs)

Drugs that inhibit PHDs, stabilizing HIF-1α[@gupta2017]:

Roxadustat (FG-4592): FDA-approved for anemia in CKD
Daprodustat (GSK1278863): Also approved for anemia
Vadadustat (AKB-6548): In clinical development
Molidustat (BAY 85-3934): Approved in Japan

Neurodegeneration potential: HIF-PHIs may protect neurons by activating hypoxia adaptation pathways without actual hypoxia.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

HIF-1α target with neuroprotective properties[@xiong2023]:

Mechanisms: Anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic
BBB penetration: Limited, but intranasal delivery possible
Clinical trials: Mixed results in stroke; ongoing in MS

DMOG and Other PHD Inhibitors

DMOG: Research tool, stabilizes HIF-1α
FG-4497: Neuroprotective in stroke models
CoCl2: Classical hypoxia mimetic (toxicity limits use)

Natural HIF Activators

Resveratrol: May stabilize HIF-1α
Curcumin: Complex effects on HIF pathway
Exercise: Physiological HIF-1α activation

Key Interactions

External Links

[UniProt: Q16665](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q16665)
[PDB structures](https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=uniprot:Q16665)

References

[Wang GL et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92(12):5510-5514, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510 (1995)](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510)

[Chou A et al. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in neurodegeneration. Neuroscientist. 2017;23(4):408-419, https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858416669088 (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858416669088](https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858416669088](https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858416669088)

[Jaakkola P et al. Targeting of HIF-α to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science. 2001;292(5516):468-472, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059796 (2001)](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059796](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059796](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059796)

[Ogunshola OO, Antoniou X. Contribution of hypoxia to Alzheimer's disease: Is HIF-1α a mediator of neurodegeneration? Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009;66(22):3555-3563, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0108-1 (2009)](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0108-1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0108-1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0108-1)

[Liu J et al. HIF-1α signaling in Alzheimer's disease: New insights and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev. 2023;90:102010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102010 (2023)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102010](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102010](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102010)

[Lee J et al. HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition protects dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 2020;329:113274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113274 (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113274](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113274](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113274)

[Gupta N, Wish JB. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors. Kidney Int. 2017;92(4):788-801, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.014 (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.014)

[Xiong T et al. Erythropoietin for neonatal brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4:CD004753, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004753.pub6 (2023)](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004753.pub6](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004753.pub6](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004753.pub6)

Pathway Diagram

The following diagram shows the key molecular relationships involving HIF-1α Protein discovered through SciDEX knowledge graph analysis:

Mermaid diagram (expand to render)

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Related Entities

HIF1A

▸Metadataorigin_type: v1_polymorphic_backfill

slug	proteins-hif1a
kg_node_id	HIF1A
entity_type	protein
origin_type	v1_polymorphic_backfill
source_table	wiki_pages
wiki_page_id	wp-d7ea5cffaab9
__merged_from	{'merged_at': '2026-05-13', 'unprefixed_id': 'proteins-hif1a'}
_schema_version	1

📊 Evidence Profile Foundational

Evidence Balance

+0%

Certainty

100%

Debates

0

Incoming

184

Outgoing

217

0 supporting 0 contradicting 0 neutral

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📗 Cite This Artifact

HIF-1α Protein

HIF-1α Protein

HIF-1α Protein

Pathway Diagram

Overview

Structure and Domains

Normal Function

Hypoxia Response

Target Genes

Physiological Roles

Role in Neurodegeneration

Alzheimer's Disease

Parkinson's Disease

Stroke and Ischemia

Huntington's Disease

ALS

Therapeutic Targeting

HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors (HIF-PHIs)

Erythropoietin (EPO)

DMOG and Other PHD Inhibitors

Natural HIF Activators

Key Interactions

See Also

External Links

References

Pathway Diagram

💬 Discussion