IL-1β Protein

IL-1β Protein — Interleukin-1 Beta

Introduction

Il 1Β Protein is an important component in the neurobiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This page provides detailed information about its structure, function, and role in disease processes.

<div class="infobox infobox-protein"> [@kornak2001]
<table> [@jentsch2005]
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background:#e8f4f8; text-align:center; font-size:1.1em;">IL-1β Protein</th></tr> [^4]
<tr><td><strong>Protein Name</strong></td><td>Interleukin-1 beta</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Gene</strong></td><td>[IL1B](/genes/il1b)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>UniProt ID</strong></td><td>[P01584](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01584)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>PDB ID</strong></td><td>1HIB, 1I1B, 2M4D</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Molecular Weight</strong></td><td>31 kDa (269 aa, pro-form)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Subcellular Localization</strong></td><td>Secreted, Cytoplasm</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Protein Family</strong></td><td>Interleukin-1 family</td></tr>
</table>
</div>

Overview

IL-1β Protein is involved in biological pathways relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. It plays important roles in neuronal function, cellular signaling, or stress response mechanisms.

Dysregulation or mutations in this gene/protein contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related neurodegenerative disorders.

Structure

...

IL-1β Protein — Interleukin-1 Beta

Introduction

Il 1Β Protein is an important component in the neurobiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This page provides detailed information about its structure, function, and role in disease processes.

<div class="infobox infobox-protein"> [@kornak2001]
<table> [@jentsch2005]
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background:#e8f4f8; text-align:center; font-size:1.1em;">IL-1β Protein</th></tr> [^4]
<tr><td><strong>Protein Name</strong></td><td>Interleukin-1 beta</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Gene</strong></td><td>[IL1B](/genes/il1b)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>UniProt ID</strong></td><td>[P01584](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01584)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>PDB ID</strong></td><td>1HIB, 1I1B, 2M4D</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Molecular Weight</strong></td><td>31 kDa (269 aa, pro-form)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Subcellular Localization</strong></td><td>Secreted, Cytoplasm</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Protein Family</strong></td><td>Interleukin-1 family</td></tr>
</table>
</div>

Overview

IL-1β Protein is involved in biological pathways relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. It plays important roles in neuronal function, cellular signaling, or stress response mechanisms.

Dysregulation or mutations in this gene/protein contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and related neurodegenerative disorders.

Structure

IL-1β is synthesized as a 31 kDa pro-form (pro-IL-1β) that requires cleavage by caspase-1 to become biologically active. The mature form (17 kDa) is secreted:

• Pro-domain: Maintains inactive conformation
• Mature domain: Contains the receptor-binding interface
• Beta-trefoil fold: Characteristic of IL-1 family proteins
• No signal peptide: Secreted via unconventional pathway (inflammasome-dependent)

Normal Function

IL-1β is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine mediating innate immune responses:

• Inflammation initiation: Induces expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines
• Fever induction: Acts on hypothalamus via IL-1R1
• Leukocyte recruitment: Promotes neutrophil and monocyte infiltration
• Acute phase response: Stimulates liver to produce acute phase proteins
• T cell activation: Co-stimulatory signal for Th1 responses

In the CNS, IL-1β is produced by:

• [Microglia](/entities/microglia) (primary source)
• [Astrocytes](/entities/astrocytes) (reactive astrocytes)
• [Neurons](/entities/neurons) (under pathological conditions)

Role in Disease

Alzheimer's Disease

• Elevated IL-1β in AD brain correlates with disease severity
• Promotes amyloid-β production via upregulating [BACE1](/entities/bace1)
• Enhances [tau](/proteins/tau) phosphorylation through [GSK-3β](/entities/gsk3-beta) activation
• Drives chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal loss

Parkinson's Disease

• Increased IL-1β in substantia nigra of PD patients
• Exacerbates dopaminergic neuron loss
• Promotes microglial activation and neuroinflammation
• IL-1β polymorphisms associated with increased PD risk

Multiple Sclerosis

• Drives demyelination and disease progression
• Promotes Th1 and Th17 responses
• IL-1β blockade reduces disease severity in animal models

Therapeutic Targeting

| Approach | Drug/Agent | Status | Mechanism |
|----------|------------|--------|-----------|
| IL-1 receptor antagonist | Anakinra | FDA approved | Blocks IL-1β signaling |
| IL-1β neutralizing antibody | Canakinumab | FDA approved | Binds and neutralizes IL-1β |
| [NLRP3](/entities/nlrp3-inflammasome) inflammasome inhibitor | MCC950 | Preclinical | Blocks IL-1β processing |
| IL-1R1 antibody | MEDI-2338 | Clinical | Blocks receptor binding |

Background

The study of Il 1Β Protein has evolved significantly over the past decades. Research in this area has revealed important insights into the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration and continues to drive therapeutic development.

Historical context and key discoveries in this field have shaped our current understanding and will continue to guide future research directions.

External Links

• [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) - Biomedical literature
• [Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative](https://adni.loni.usc.edu/) - Research data
• [Allen Brain Atlas](https://brain-map.org/) - Brain gene expression data

Key Publications

[@ref]: [26421604](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26421604/): IL-1β targeting. Nat. Rev. Drug Disco

See Also

• IL1B Gene
• [Neuroinflammation](/mechanisms/neuroinflammation-pathway)
• [NLRP3 Inflammasome](/mechanisms/nlrp3-inflammasome) [Alzheimer's Disease](/diseases/alzheimers-disease)
• [Parkinson's Disease](/diseases/parkinsons-disease)
• [Microglia](/cell-types/microglia)

References

<references>

• Mrak RE, et al. (2004). IL-1 and AD. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 743-754.
• Ferrari CC, et al. (2008). IL-1β in PD. J Neural Transm 115: 1339-1348.
• Heneka MT, et al. (2013). NLRP3 in AD. Nature 502: 178-185.
• Shaftel SS, et al. (2015). IL-1β therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14: 585-588.

</references>