PINK1/Parkin-Independent Mitophagy Bypass for Enhanced Donor Mitochondria

graph TD
    A["Astrocytes / MSCs"] --> B["Healthy Mitochondria Pool"]
    B --> C["BNIP3/NIX-Mediated Mitophagy"]
    C --> D["Mitochondria Degraded"]
    D --> E["Reduced Donor Pool"]

    F["PINK1/Parkin-Independent Mitophagy Bypass"] --> G["Selective BNIP3/NIX Inhibition"]
    G --> H["Block Alternative Mitophagy in Donors"]
    H --> I["Healthy Mito Accumulate"]

    I --> J["Enlarged Transferable Mito Pool"]

    J --> K["Tunneling Nanotubes"]
    J --> L["Extracellular Vesicles"]

    K --> M["Mitochondria Delivery to Neurons"]
    L --> M

    N["Damaged Neurons"] --> O["Bioenergetic Crisis"]
    O --> P["ATP Depletion"]
    O --> Q["Excessive ROS"]

    M --> R["Healthy Mito Integrate into Neurons"]
    R --> S["Restored ATP Production"]
    R --> T["Normalized ROS Levels"]
    R --> U["Ca2+ Homeostasis Recovery"]

    S --> V["Neuronal Rescue"]
    T --> V
    U --> V

    V --> W["Neuroprotection Without Parkin Dependency"]

    style A fill:#1a3a4a,stroke:#4fc3f7,color:#e0e0e0
    style F fill:#264653,stroke:#ffd54f,color:#e0e0e0
    style M fill:#1a3a2a,stroke:#81c784,color:#e0e0e0
    style W fill:#2a3a1a,stroke:#c5e1a5,color:#e0e0e0