gene

AR

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about AR: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

178Connections

30Hypotheses

16Analyses

50Outgoing

14Incoming

11Experiments

20Debates

Summary

A gene referenced in 165 knowledge graph relationships. Key connections: interacts_with SLIRP (protein); interacts_with IGFBP5 (protein); contributes_to Androgen Deprivation Therapy Resistance (phenotype).

View on Wiki →

No AI portrait yet

🧬 Gene Info

Gene Symbol	AR
Chromosome	Xq12
Protein Type	Gene
Function	encodes a nuclear receptor protein that binds testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, mediating the effects of androgen hormones in target tissues.
Primary Expression	brain regions including: - Spinal cord: Motor neurons, including those innervating skeletal muscle - Hypothalamus: Regulatory centers for hor
Molecular Weight	110 kDa
Amino Acids	919 aa
GeneCards	AR
Human Protein Atlas	AR
N-terminal domain (NTD)	Contains the AF-1 activation function and polyQ tract
DNA-binding domain (DBD)	Two zinc finger motifs for GRE binding
Hinge region	Contains the nuclear localization signal
Ligand-binding domain (LBD)	Binds testosterone/DHT; contains AF-2
Spinal cord	Motor neurons, including those innervating skeletal muscle
Hypothalamus	Regulatory centers for hormone release
Associated Diseases	Aromatase Inhibitor Resistance, cancer
Known Drugs/Compounds	rapamycin
Interactions	ACTB, AKT, ALS, AMBRA1, AMPK, APP
SciDEX Hypotheses	Testosterone-Derived DHT Amplifies Microglial Andr
KG Connections	178 knowledge graph edges
Databases	GeneCards UniProt NCBI Gene HPA STRING

Wiki Pages (21)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Canonical Page

ar

gene · 1175 words

→

Validated Hypothesis: Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Receptor (HCAR2) Signaling Links Ketone Deficiency to Neuroinflammation

hypothesis · 4179 words

→

Pathway Diagram

flowchart TD
    A["AR"] --> B["Androgen Binding"]
    A --> C["Nuclear Translocation"]
    B --> C
    C --> D["Gene Transcription"]
    D --> E["Mitochondrial Biogenesis"]
    D --> F["Neuronal Survival Genes"]
    E --> G["ATP Production"]
    G --> H["Neuronal Bioenergetics"]
    F --> I["Anti-apoptotic Effect"]
    H --> J["Neuroprotection"]
    I --> J
    A --> K["SLIRP Interaction"]

Outgoing (164)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
benchmark_ot_ad_answer_key:AR	data_in	dataset_row	0.00
IGFBP5	interacts_with	protein	0.95
SLIRP	interacts_with	protein	0.95
autophagy pathway	participates_in	pathway	0.90
Metabolic Adaptation	modulates	process	0.90
oxidative stress response	participates_in	pathway	0.90
Androgen Deprivation Therapy Resistance	contributes_to	phenotype	0.90
Aromatase Inhibitor Resistance	associated_with	phenotype	0.85
BECN1	activates	gene	0.80
IL12A	inhibits	gene	0.80
epigenetic regulation	participates_in	pathway	0.80
androgen deprivation therapy resistance	mediates	phenotype	0.80
MAP1LC3B	activates	gene	0.80
Prostate Cancer Cell Survival	regulates	phenotype	0.80
Autophagy	regulates	process	0.75
Sex Differences In Autophagy	modulates	mechanism	0.75
MTOR	activates	gene	0.70
UVRAG	activates	gene	0.70
TFEB	activates	gene	0.70
GLA	activates	gene	0.70
Parkinson's disease	interacts_with	disease	0.70
MAPK signaling	participates_in	pathway	0.70
GABA	activates	gene	0.70
SQSTM1	activates	gene	0.70
stem cells	expressed_in	cell_type	0.70
LAMP1	activates	gene	0.70
Parkinson's disease	activates	disease	0.70
BCL2	activates	gene	0.70
PIK3C3	activates	gene	0.70
ATG	activates	gene	0.70
HDAC6	activates	gene	0.70
GAPDH	activates	gene	0.70
CHMP4B	activates	gene	0.70
RNA	activates	gene	0.70
CASP3	activates	gene	0.60
ATG14	activates	gene	0.60
LGALS3	activates	gene	0.60
neurodegeneration	activates	disease	0.60
TREH	activates	gene	0.60
LAMP2A	activates	gene	0.60
TPP1	activates	gene	0.60
LAMP2	activates	gene	0.60
FYCO1	activates	gene	0.60
TARDBP	activates	gene	0.60
STUB1	activates	gene	0.60
HSPB8	activates	gene	0.60
ESR2	activates	gene	0.60
GABARAP	activates	gene	0.60
ESR1	activates	gene	0.60
CTSD	activates	gene	0.60

Incoming (14)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
benchmark_ot_ad_answer_key:AR	data_in	dataset_row	0.00
SPOP	degrades	protein	0.90
Stress Granules	modulates	process	0.85
SPOP mutations	promotes	phenotype	0.85
PI3K-AKT-mTOR	interacts_with	pathway	0.85
rapamycin	targets	drug	0.70
APP	activates	gene	0.60
AKT	associated_with	gene	0.60
AMBRA1	activates	gene	0.60
AMPK	activates	gene	0.60
ACTB	activates	gene	0.60
ALS	activates	gene	0.60
AKT	inhibits	gene	0.60
ALOX12	associated_with	gene	0.60

Targeting Hypotheses (30)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting EC-II	0.968	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
GluN2B-Mediated Thalamocortical Control of Glymphatic Tau Cl	0.964	neuroscience	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop optogenetic targeting PV interneurons to restore	0.959	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting EC-II	0.955	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Plasma NfL Elevation Secondary to BBB-Associated Transport D	0.940	-	What blood-brain barrier permeability ch

Microglial-Mediated Tau Clearance Dysfunction via TREM2 Rece	0.937	neuroscience	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Multi-Target Hypothesis: Aβ-Induced Cholinergic Damage is Pa	0.887	-	Do β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
Beta-frequency entrainment therapy targeting PV interneuron-	0.884	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Circadian Glymphatic Entrainment via Targeted Orexin Recepto	0.882	neurodegeneration	Perivascular spaces and glymphatic clear
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin interneurons to	0.869	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
RBM45 Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Dominance Hijacks RNA P	0.868	als	-
Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations vi	0.865	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Glymphatic-Mediated Tau Clearance Dysfunction	0.865	neuroscience	Proteomics Differential Expression in AD
SFPQ Paralog Displacement Triggers Cryptic Polyadenylation a	0.864	als	-
Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting EC-II PV interneuro	0.863	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
TREM2 R47H Variant-Driven Metabolic Dysfunction as the Prima	0.862	neurodegeneration	Variant Annotation and Prioritization of
TREM2-Mediated Microglial Dysfunction Disrupts Perivascular	0.861	neuroscience	TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms
TYROBP (DAP12) Conditional Antagonism for Early-Stage Neurop	0.844	neurodegeneration	Gene Co-expression Network Analysis of A
miR-155/Interferon-gamma Feedback Loop as a Reversible Molec	0.843	neurodegeneration	How do different microglial subtypes (DA
Sequential Iron Chelation (Deferoxamine) and GPX4 Restoratio	0.838	neurodegeneration	Can ferroptosis inhibitors prevent BBB d
J-protein co-chaperone system mediates selective autophagy t	0.831	protein-biochemistry	Do chaperones selectively recognize path
Ketone Utilization Index as Metabolic Flexibility Biomarker	0.829	translational-neuroscience	Which metabolic biomarkers can distingui
Microglial-Mediated Tau Clearance Dysfunction via TREM2 Sign	0.827	neuroscience	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippo	0.827	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Real-time gamma-guided transcranial focused ultrasound targe	0.827	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Microglial AIM2 Inflammasome as the Primary Driver of TDP-43	0.824	neurodegeneration	What are the mechanisms by which gut mic
TBK1 Loss Triggers Astrocyte-to-Neuron Senescence Propagatio	0.000	als	What are the mechanisms by which microgl
LAMP2A Upregulation to Enhance Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy	0.000	proteomics	Quantitative proteomics of the aging syn
GLUT1-Mediated Carrier-Conjugate Delivery Strategy	0.000	neuropharmacology	What is the actual quantitative contribu
Cell-Type-Specific TFEB Modulation Combined with Trehalose f	0.000	proteomics	Quantitative proteomics of the aging syn

Mentioning Analyses (16)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-28 | 7 hypotheses Top: 0.662

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-28 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.604

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-27 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.604

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-27 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.604

Does APOE4 drive tau propagation

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-16 | 0 hypotheses

Experiments (11)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
Plant-based dietary patterns and Alzheimer's disease risk in multiethn	clinical	Alzheimer's disease and relate	0.950	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
CSF Dynamic Biomarkers for Differential Diagnosis of NPH vs AD with Co	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.900	0.50	aortic endothelial cells	proposed	$6,550,000
s:** - Test tau spreading in AQP4 knockout vs wild-type mice with PSP/	falsification	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	mouse	proposed	$260,000
Circadian-Vascular-Metabolic Syndrome (CVMS) Intervention Trial	clinical	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$3,900,000
DLB Cognitive Fluctuation Mechanism Experiment	clinical	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$6,550,000
Glymphatic-Circadian Axis Enhancement Therapy for Parkinson's Disease	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Non-Motor Symptom Progression in Parkinson's Disease — Mechanisms and	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
NPH Glymphatic System Interaction Experiment	clinical	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction as Driver of Neurodegeneration	clinical	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Sleep Disruption and Alzheimer's Disease — mechanism and intervention	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Sleep and Respiratory Network Interaction in ALS — Experiment Design	clinical	ALS	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year	Citations
Combined effects of HCRTR1/2 gene variants and non-genetic factors on sleep-wake [PMID:40439868]	Zheng Z, Xue F, Wang H, Gu Q, Hu R, Li X	Pharmacol Rep	2025	1
Genetic determinants of daytime napping and effects on cardiometabolic health. [PMID:33568662]	Dashti HS, Daghlas I, Lane JM, Huang Y,	Nat Commun	2021	1
Hypocretin/Orexin Receptor Pharmacology and Sleep Phases. [PMID:34052813]	Sun Y, Tisdale RK, Kilduff TS	Front Neurol Neurosci	2021	1
Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. [PMID:24136970]	Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Th	Science	2013	1
Enhancing TREM2 expression activates microglia and modestly mitigates tau pathol [PMID:40122810]	["Chen Kai", "Li Fuyao", "Zhang Shuwen",	Journal of neuroinflammation	2025	0
Signal transduction, dimerization, and therapeutic targeting of Orexin and recep [PMID:41383480]	Zhang S, Wang P, Ji B, Shao Y, Hou S et	Front Pharmacol	2025	0
Enhancing TREM2 expression activates microglia and modestly mitigates tau pathol [PMID:40122810]	["Chen Kai", "Li Fuyao", "Zhang Shuwen",	Journal of neuroinflammation	2025	0
Increased Neuronal Expression of the Early Endosomal Adaptor APPL1 Replicates Al [PMID:40514243]	Jiang Y, Sachdeva K, Goulbourne CN, Berg	The Journal of neuroscience :	2025	0
Targeting Neural Oscillations for Cognitive Enhancement in Alzheimer’s Disease [PMID:40142358]	Federica Palacino, P. Manganotti, A. Ben	{'name': 'Medicina', 'volume':	2025	0
Bioinformatic analysis of neuropeptide related genes in patients diagnosed with [PMID:39437604]	Yay F, Ayan D	Comput Biol Med	2024	0
Effects of Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation on MCH and Hypocretin Systems. [PMID:39698172]	Agamme ALDA, Tufik S, Torterolo P, D'Alm	Sleep science (Sao Paulo, Braz	2024	0
P-tau217 correlates with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, and targeting [PMID:38513667]	Zhang D, Zhang W, Ming C, Gao X, Yuan H,	Neuron	2024	0
The necroptosis cell death pathway drives neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disea [PMID:38852117]	Balusu S, De Strooper B	Acta neuropathologica	2024	0
Neuropathology of incidental Lewy body & prodromal Parkinson's disease. [PMID:37173733]	Koeglsperger T, Rumpf SL, Schließer P, S	Molecular neurodegeneration	2023	0
Blast Exposure Induces Acute Alterations in Circadian Clock Genes in the Hypotha [PMID:41127649]	Govindarajulu M, Patel MY, Krishnan J, L	Neurotrauma reports	2023	0
Contextual generalization of social stress learning is modulated by orexin recep [PMID:35724928]	Yaeger JDW, Krupp KT, Summers TR, Summer	Neuropharmacology	2022	0
Evaluation of the α-casein (CSN1S1) locus as a potential target for a site-speci [PMID:35568783]	["Smirnov A", "Kontsevaya G", "Shnaider	Scientific reports	2022	0
Outcomes of a telemedicine bowel management program during COVID-19. [PMID:34686377]	["Knaus M", "Ahmad H", "Metzger G", "Bey	Journal of pediatric surgery	2022	0
Chemical genetic activation of the cholinergic basal forebrain hippocampal circu [PMID:35418161]	Weilin Liu, Jianhong Li, Minguang Yang	{'name': "Alzheimer's Research	2022	0
Sleep interventions in AD trials show inconsistent cognitive benefits, possibly [PMID:33661831]	Unknown	Sleep Medicine Reviews	2021	0

Debates (20)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.76 · 2026-04-28

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.64 · 2026-04-28

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.64 · 2026-04-28

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.64 · 2026-04-28

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-21

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons [TARGET_ART

closed · Rounds: 0 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-21

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons

closed · Rounds: 0 · Score: 0.56 · 2026-04-21

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

closed · Rounds: 0 · Score: 0.48 · 2026-04-21

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

closed · Rounds: 0 · Score: 0.51 · 2026-04-21

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.73 · 2026-04-21

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning AR in their description or question text

AR

Understanding Entity Pages

Summary

Wiki Pages (21)

ar

Validated Hypothesis: Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Receptor (HCAR2) Signaling Links Ketone Deficiency to Neuroinflammation

KARS1

UCHL1 (PARK5) Pathway in Parkinson's Disease

TARDBP Protein (TDP-43)

PARK7 — Parkinsonism Associated Deglycase (DJ-1)

TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43)

Aging-Related Tau Astrogliopathy (ARTAG)

ASC (PYCARD)

FBXO7 Protein (PARK15)

CFLAR

SMARCA2 (BRM)

LARS2 — Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase 2, Mitochondrial

ARHGEF9 Gene

TIGAR - TP53-Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator

ARNTL Gene — Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator Like (BMAL1)

ATP13A2 (PARK9) Pathway in Parkinson's Disease

PARK2 - Parkin

ARC-IM Adaptive Neurostimulation for Parkinson's Disease

PGC-1α (PPARGC1A)

PARD6B Gene

Pathway Diagram

Outgoing (164)

Incoming (14)

Targeting Hypotheses (30)

Mentioning Analyses (16)

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

Does APOE4 drive tau propagation

Does APOE4 drive tau propagation

test debate

Do oligodendrocytes require DNA repair enhancement or inhibition for neuroprotec

Do PINK1/PARKIN pathway enhancements rescue excitatory neuron vulnerability or c

Do PINK1/PARKIN pathway enhancements rescue excitatory neuron vulnerability or e

Do these mechanistic hypotheses from the SEA-AD Atlas bundle explain layer-speci

Do these mechanistic hypotheses explain layer-specific synaptic vulnerability in

Mechanistic validation of SEA-AD differential expression hypotheses: Complement

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons

Experiments (11)

Related Papers (20)

Debates (20)

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons [TARGET_ART

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in aging neurons, including D

Related Research

Microglial-Mediated Tau Clearance Dysfunction via TREM2 Receptor Impairment

Multi-Target Hypothesis: Aβ-Induced Cholinergic Damage is Partially Irreversible

Beta-frequency entrainment therapy targeting PV interneuron-astrocyte coupling f

Circadian Glymphatic Entrainment via Targeted Orexin Receptor Modulation

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin interneurons to restore gamma rhyth

Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations via selective PV inter

Glymphatic-Mediated Tau Clearance Dysfunction

Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting EC-II PV interneurons to restore theta-

TREM2 R47H Variant-Driven Metabolic Dysfunction as the Primary Trigger for Faile

TREM2-Mediated Microglial Dysfunction Disrupts Perivascular Tau Clearance

TYROBP (DAP12) Conditional Antagonism for Early-Stage Neuroprotection

miR-155/Interferon-gamma Feedback Loop as a Reversible Molecular Switch for Prot

Sequential Iron Chelation (Deferoxamine) and GPX4 Restoration (Sulforaphane) Pre