concept

PER

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about PER: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

1150Connections

30Hypotheses

4Analyses

50Outgoing

50Incoming

20Experiments

4Debates

Summary

PER is a concept in neurodegeneration research. Key relationships include: associated with, activates, expressed in. Associated with ALS, Aging, Als. Connected to 640 entities in the SciDEX knowledge graph.

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💡 Concept Info

Name	PER
Key Genes/Proteins	AADC, ABCB1, ABCG2, Actin, ADAM10, ADRA2A
Related Diseases	Addiction, Aging
Related Pathways	Adaptive Immunity, Akt

Wiki Pages (15)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Canonical Page

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    PER["PER"]
    PER -->|"interacts"| CRY["CRY"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Als["Als"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Alzheimer["Alzheimer"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Diabetes["Diabetes"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Inflammation["Inflammation"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Neuroinflammation["Neuroinflammation"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Obesity["Obesity"]
    PER -->|"regulates"| Parkinson["Parkinson"]
    BMAL1["BMAL1"] -->|"regulates"| PER
    CLOCK["CLOCK"] -->|"regulates"| PER
    ARNT["ARNT"] -->|"expressed in"| PER
    CRY -->|"expressed in"| PER
    CNO["CNO"] -->|"regulates"| PER
    MTDNA["MTDNA"] -->|"expressed in"| PER

Outgoing (777)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
kdense-protein_engineering	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-engineering	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-geospatial	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-database_access	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-physics	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-cheminformatics	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-healthcare_ai	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-proteomics	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-quantum	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-lab_automation	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-neuroscience	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-ml_ai	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-clinical	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-multi_omics	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-data_analysis	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-visualization	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-scientific_comm	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
Cancer	expressed_in	disease	1.00
kdense-research_methodology	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
kdense-infrastructure	has_wiki	wiki	1.00
Als	activates	disease	1.00
Als	associated_with	disease	1.00
Stroke	associated_with	disease	0.95
Cancer	associated_with	disease	0.95
circadian rhythm	drives	process	0.95
Als	expressed_in	disease	0.95
Neurodegeneration	associated_with	disease	0.95
METABOLIC HEALTH	regulates	entity	0.95
Circadian Gene Expression	involved_in	process	0.90
Circadian Rhythms	involved_in	process	0.90
Cellular Metabolism	regulates	process	0.90
Circadian Rhythm Regulation	regulates	process	0.90
Oxidative Stress	activates	pathway	0.90
DNA	associated_with	gene	0.90
Als	inhibits	disease	0.85
Alzheimer	activates	disease	0.85
LIPID METABOLISM	regulates	entity	0.85
SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE	regulates	entity	0.85
Tumor	therapeutic_target	disease	0.85
Aging	associated_with	disease	0.85
Als	therapeutic_target	disease	0.85
Cancer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.85
Alzheimer	associated_with	disease	0.85
Inflammation	associated_with	disease	0.85
Diabetes	associated_with	disease	0.85
Metabolism	regulates	process	0.80
CRY	interacts_with	protein	0.80
circadian rhythm	participates_in	process	0.80
Insomnia	associated_with	disease	0.80
Circadian Rhythm	involved_in	process	0.80

Incoming (373)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
kdense-data_analysis	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-engineering	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-healthcare_ai	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-quantum	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-scientific_comm	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-visualization	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-research_methodology	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-clinical	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-database_access	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-multi_omics	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-lab_automation	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-ml_ai	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-neuroscience	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-physics	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-protein_engineering	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-geospatial	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-infrastructure	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-cheminformatics	described_by	wiki	1.00
kdense-proteomics	described_by	wiki	1.00
CANCER	expressed_in	gene	1.00
OXIDATIVE STRESS	activates	gene	0.90
CANCER	associated_with	gene	0.90
GENES	associated_with	gene	0.90
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME	modulates	entity	0.85
ALZHEIMER	associated_with	gene	0.80
NEURODEGENERATION	associated_with	gene	0.80
DNA	associated_with	gene	0.80
STROKE	associated_with	gene	0.80
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome	modulates	disease	0.75
OSAS	modulates	disease	0.75
GENES	therapeutic_target	gene	0.70
CANCER	regulates	gene	0.70
CANCER	activates	gene	0.70
ERK	activates	gene	0.70
CANCER	therapeutic_target	gene	0.70
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA	associated_with	gene	0.70
GENES	expressed_in	gene	0.70
STAT3	activates	gene	0.70
ALZHEIMER	biomarker_for	gene	0.70
TP53	expressed_in	gene	0.70
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	activates	gene	0.70
DNA	expressed_in	gene	0.70
MOTOR NEURONS	associated_with	gene	0.70
PARKINSON	associated_with	gene	0.70
INFLAMMATION	associated_with	gene	0.70
NF-ΚB	activates	gene	0.70
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES	regulates	gene	0.70
PARKINSON	activates	gene	0.70
CREB	activates	gene	0.70
GENES	causes	gene	0.70

Targeting Hypotheses (30)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting EC-II	0.968	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
TREM2-Mediated Microglial Dysfunction Disrupts Perivascular	0.861	neuroscience	TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms
HSP90-cochaperone complexes preferentially stabilize interme	0.840	protein-biochemistry	Do chaperones selectively recognize path
ATM Kinase Hyperactivation Triggers DNA Damage Response Over	0.837	als	-
AMPK hypersensitivity in astrocytes creates enhanced mitocho	0.833	neurodegeneration	Mitochondrial transfer between astrocyte

J-protein co-chaperone system mediates selective autophagy t	0.831	protein-biochemistry	Do chaperones selectively recognize path
miR-33 Antisense Oligonucleotide Hyper-Lipidation Strategy	0.824	molecular-biology	Is APOE4's reduced lipid binding pathoge
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress	0.811	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
ALOX15-Driven Enzymatic Ferroptosis in AD Oligodendrocytes v	0.772	alzheimers	Cell type vulnerability in Alzheimers Di
APOE4 Allosteric Rescue via Small Molecule Chaperones	0.765	neurodegeneration	APOE4 structural biology and therapeutic
cGAS-STING Pathway Hyperactivation Mediates Tau Propagation	0.760	neurodegeneration	Gap 006 analysis (archived stub)
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II SST interneurons to block t	0.752	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Iron-driven lipid peroxidation and GPX4 failure create a fer	0.750	neurodegeneration	What mechanisms drive the self-amplifyin
Circulating Soluble PDGFRβ Reflects Pericyte Loss and Preced	0.745	-	What blood-brain barrier permeability ch
Peripheral Monocyte/Macrophage Infiltration Mimicking Microg	0.743	neuroinflammation	What causes IBA1 low/negative microglia
NRF2 failure lowers antioxidant reserve and permits recurren	0.740	neurodegeneration	What mechanisms drive the self-amplifyin
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and TIMP-1 Ratio in Peripheral Bl	0.735	-	What blood-brain barrier permeability ch
Senescence-Induced Lipid Peroxidation Spreading	0.730	neurodegeneration	Senolytic therapy for age-related neurod
SCFA Deficiency Drives Microglial Hyperactivation via GPR43/	0.728	neurodegeneration	How does gut microbiome dysbiosis contri
Proteostasis Enhancement via APOE Chaperone Targeting	0.724	neurodegeneration	Mechanistic role of APOE in neurodegener
TBK1 Loss-of-Function Amplifies C1q-Mediated Synapse Elimina	0.724	neurodegeneration	How do the seven novel ALS genes functio
APOE4-driven pericyte injury/senescence is an upstream drive	0.720	neurodegeneration	Does pericyte senescence drive BBB break
ASO-Mediated Exon Skipping to Restore FUS-TAZ Chaperone Axis	0.720	neurodegeneration	How does FUS loss-of-function in TAZ reg
NLRP3 Inflammasome Lock Perpetuates Senescence-Associated In	0.720	neurodegeneration	What molecular mechanisms drive microgli
Gamma entrainment suppresses hippocampal ERK1/2 hyperactivit	0.711	alzheimers	Gamma entrainment therapy to restore hip
Soluble PDGFRβ as a Peripheral Indicator of Pericyte-Mediate	0.705	-	What blood-brain barrier permeability ch
Microglial Efferocytosis Enhancement via GPR32 Superagonists	0.704	neurodegeneration	Neuroinflammation resolution mechanisms
GluN2B Tonic Activity Suppresses Glymphatic Perfusion Via Va	0.700	neuroscience	GluN2B-Mediated Thalamocortical Control
MAP6-CRMPS cooperative phosphorylation by GSK3β	0.700	neurodegeneration	-
LAMP2A Upregulation to Enhance Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy	0.000	proteomics	Quantitative proteomics of the aging syn

Mentioning Analyses (4)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-28 | 7 hypotheses Top: 0.662

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-28 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.604

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-27 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.604

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-27 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.604

Experiments (20)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
Plant-based dietary patterns and Alzheimer's disease risk in multiethn	clinical	Alzheimer's disease and relate	0.950	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
GWAS of plasma NfL in East Asian cohort	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.950	0.00	human patients - East Asian co	proposed	N/A
GWAS of plasma pTau217 in East Asian cohort	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.950	0.00	human patients - East Asian co	proposed	N/A
Dairy intake and dementia risk in Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort	clinical	Alzheimer's disease	0.950	0.00	Swedish community-based adults	proposed	N/A
GWAS of plasma pTau181 in East Asian cohort	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.950	0.00	human patients - East Asian co	proposed	N/A
GWAS of plasma GFAP in East Asian cohort	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.950	0.00	human patients - East Asian co	proposed	N/A
KEEPS Continuation: Long-term effects of menopausal hormone therapy on	clinical	Alzheimer's disease	0.950	0.00	recently menopausal women with	proposed	N/A
iPSC-derived astrocyte-neuron co-culture mitochondrial transfer in PD	exploratory	Parkinson's disease	0.900	0.00	iPSC-derived dopaminergic neur	proposed	N/A
GWAS of composite biomarker score	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.900	0.00	human patients - East Asian co	proposed	N/A
RBG treatment in ApoE-/- atherosclerosis mouse model	validation	atherosclerosis	0.900	0.00	ApoE-/- mice	proposed	N/A
Bioinformatics analysis and hub gene identification	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.800	0.00	computational analysis of tran	proposed	N/A
APOE4 association with TDP-43 pathology in AD	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.750	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
Proposed experiment from debate on Astrocytes adopt A1 (neurotoxic) an	falsification	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	cell_line	completed	$100,000
Metabolic Pathway-Targeted Therapy in ALS	clinical	ALS	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$6,550,000
Animal Model Comparison for Neurodegenerative Disease Therapeutics	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$7,100,000
Astrocyte Ferritin Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$6,550,000
Mechanism: Selective Vulnerability of Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinso	validation	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$3,000,000
Selective Vulnerability of Dopaminergic Neurons — Mechanism and Protec	validation	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$160,000
GLP-1 Agonist Neuroprotection Mechanism in PD	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$6,550,000
GLP-1 Agonist Responder Prediction Study — Precision Medicine for Neur	clinical	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year	Citations
Trehalose induces autophagy via lysosomal-mediated TFEB activation in models of [PMID:30335591]	Rusmini P, Cortese K, Crippa V, Cristofa	Autophagy	2019	2
Complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling pathway mediates abnormal microglial phagocytosi [PMID:38642614]	Han QQ, Shen SY, Liang LF, Chen XR, Yu J	Brain Behav Immun	2024	1
Amelioration of Tau and ApoE4-linked glial lipid accumulation and neurodegenerat [PMID:37995685]	Litvinchuk A, Suh JH, Guo JL, Lin K, Dav	Neuron	2024	1
The cell biology of APOE in the brain. [PMID:37805344]	Windham IA, Cohen S	Trends Cell Biol	2024	1
The APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegene [PMID:37957317]	Maxine R Nelson, Peng Liu, Ayushi Agrawa	Nature neuroscience	2023	1
Metabolic orchestration of cell death by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of RIPK1. [PMID:37384704]	Zhang T, Xu D, Trefts E, Lv M, Inuzuka H	Science	2023	1
APOE and Alzheimer's disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therape [PMID:33340485]	Serrano-Pozo A, Das S, Hyman BT	Lancet Neurol	2021	1
Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics reveal TREM2-dependent and TREM2- [PMID:31932797]	Zhou Y, Song WM, Andhey PS, Swain A, Lev	Nat Med	2020	1
Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies. [PMID:31564456]	Long JM, Holtzman DM	Cell	2019	1
Metformin Improves Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity through Activation of AMPK [PMID:31693892]	Wang Y, An H, Liu T, Qin C, Sesaki H, Gu	Cell Rep	2019	1
Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. [PMID:31367008]	Yamazaki Y, Zhao N, Caulfield TR, Liu CC	Nat Rev Neurol	2019	1
AMPK-Mediated BECN1 Phosphorylation Promotes Ferroptosis by Directly Blocking Sy [PMID:30057310]	Song X, Zhu S, Chen P, Hou W, Wen Q, Liu	Curr Biol	2018	1
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Parkinson disease: a Parkin-AMPK alliance in neuro [PMID:26121488]	Hang L, Thundyil J, Lim KL	Ann N Y Acad Sci	2015	1
Plasma GFAP outperforms CSF GFAP in detecting amyloid pathology and is associate [PMID:41905188]	Cetindag AC, Schipke CG, Esselmann H, Kr	The journal of prevention of A	2026	0
AMPKα1 Deficiency in Macrophages Impairs Tendon Regeneration and Tendon Stem Cel [PMID:41694579]	Zhu L, Wang Y, Shi X, Yu M, Cai X, Chen	International journal of biolo	2026	0
ASS1 Promotes Atherosclerotic Inflammation Through the NLRP3/IL-33/ST2 Axis in O [PMID:41914296]	Wu S, Han F, Qiao Z, Yuan S, Bian X, Zha	Frontiers in bioscience (Landm	2026	0
Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals a cellular immune response in common [PMID:41692207]	Shi X, Ji G, Liu D, Zhao T, Tian S, Li S	International journal of biolo	2026	0
Farrerol ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance via AMPKα1/mTOR/SREBP-1 pathway: [PMID:41702183]	Li Y, Feng X, Zheng L	Tissue & cell	2026	0
Perioperative polygenic and APOE-based genetic risk assessment for neurocognitiv [PMID:40562635]	Thedim M, Hu J, Maher M, Wiener-Kronish	Br J Anaesth	2026	0
Increased genetic protection against Alzheimer's disease in centenarians. [PMID:40615639]	Bae H, Song Z, Ali A, Sasaki T, Tesi N e	Geroscience	2026	0

Debates (4)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.76 · 2026-04-28

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.64 · 2026-04-28

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.64 · 2026-04-28

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.64 · 2026-04-28

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning PER in their description or question text

PER

Understanding Entity Pages

Summary

Wiki Pages (15)

Technical Architecture

FNP-223 PROSPER Trial - Phase 2 in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

FNP-223 PROSPER Trial - Phase 2 in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Icaritin GPER Mitophagy for Parkinson's Disease

EIF2AK3 Protein (PERK)

GPER (G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor) Neurons

PERK Protein

PER3 Gene

PER2 Gene

SCAPER Gene

PER3 Protein

RBM39 Protein (CAPER)

PER1 Protein

PER2 Protein

PER1 Gene

Pathway Diagram

Outgoing (777)

Incoming (373)

Targeting Hypotheses (30)

Mentioning Analyses (4)

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

Experiments (20)

Related Papers (20)

Debates (4)

Methodology challenge: dataset 'Allen Brain SEA-AD Single Cell Dataset' — evalua

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegenerat

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Methodology challenge: notebook 'Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and glia

Related Research

J-protein co-chaperone system mediates selective autophagy targeting of pathogen

miR-33 Antisense Oligonucleotide Hyper-Lipidation Strategy

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress burst firing and bl

ALOX15-Driven Enzymatic Ferroptosis in AD Oligodendrocytes via PUFA-PE Peroxidat

APOE4 Allosteric Rescue via Small Molecule Chaperones

cGAS-STING Pathway Hyperactivation Mediates Tau Propagation

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II SST interneurons to block tau propagation and r

Iron-driven lipid peroxidation and GPX4 failure create a ferroptotic amplificati

Circulating Soluble PDGFRβ Reflects Pericyte Loss and Precedes Cognitive Decline

Peripheral Monocyte/Macrophage Infiltration Mimicking Microglial Loss

NRF2 failure lowers antioxidant reserve and permits recurrent mitochondrial ROS

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and TIMP-1 Ratio in Peripheral Blood as an Early Indi

Senescence-Induced Lipid Peroxidation Spreading

SCFA Deficiency Drives Microglial Hyperactivation via GPR43/NF-κB Dysregulation

Proteostasis Enhancement via APOE Chaperone Targeting