concept

INSULIN

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about INSULIN: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

920Connections

1Hypotheses

1Analyses

47Outgoing

50Incoming

No summary available yet. View on Wiki →

💡 Concept Info

Name	INSULIN
Summary	Phase 2 trial combining intranasal insulin with empagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor) for AD, targeting brain insulin resistance and cerebral glucose metabolism.
Key Genes/Proteins	AMYLOID, AMPK, MTOR, TNF, BDNF, IL-6
Related Diseases	ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, PARKINSON'S DISEASE, NEURODEGENERATION
Related Pathways	PI3K
Linked Hypotheses	3 hypotheses

Wiki Pages (21)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Canonical Page

SNIFF-Combo: Intranasal Insulin + Empagliflozin for Alzheimer's Disease (NCT05081219)

clinical · 867 words

→

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    INSULIN["INSULIN"]
    INSULIN -->|"activates"| TUG["TUG"]
    INSULIN -->|"regulates"| blood_glucose_levels["blood glucose levels"]
    INSULIN -->|"regulates"| glucose_metabolism["glucose metabolism"]
    INSULIN -->|"activates"| neuron_outgrowth["neuron outgrowth"]
    INSULIN -->|"activates"| Insulin_receptor["Insulin receptor"]
    MTOR["MTOR"] -->|"activates"| INSULIN
    APOPTOSIS["APOPTOSIS"] -->|"inhibits"| INSULIN
    AKT["AKT"] -->|"activates"| INSULIN
    AUTOPHAGY["AUTOPHAGY"] -->|"activates"| INSULIN
    EGFR["EGFR"] -->|"activates"| INSULIN
    SQSTM1["SQSTM1"] -->|"activates"| INSULIN
    PI3K["PI3K"] -->|"mediates"| INSULIN
    NEUROINFLAMMATION["NEUROINFLAMMATION"] -->|"regulates"| INSULIN

Outgoing (283)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
TUG	activates	entity	0.95
Food Intake	regulates	process	0.90
PI3K	activates	pathway	0.85
IDE	upregulates	protein	0.80
NEURODEGENERATION	regulates	disease	0.80
NEURODEGENERATION	treats	disease	0.80
Proteins	activates	protein	0.50
RAPAMYCIN	activates	concept	0.50
PEROXISOME	activates	concept	0.50
FIBROBLASTS	activates	concept	0.50
CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES	activates	concept	0.50
METFORMIN	associated_with	concept	0.50
GLUCOSE METABOLISM	activates	concept	0.50
Proteins	associated_with	protein	0.50
NUCLEUS	interacts_with	concept	0.50
IGF-1	activates	concept	0.50
CYTOKINE	activates	concept	0.50
METFORMIN	activates	concept	0.50
Neuroprotection	protects_against	process	0.50
PI3K/AKT/mTOR	activates	pathway	0.50
PI3K/AKT/mTOR	inhibits	pathway	0.50
MTOR SIGNALING	inhibits	concept	0.50
GLUCOSE METABOLISM	inhibits	concept	0.50
CELL PROLIFERATION	associated_with	concept	0.50
RAPAMYCIN	associated_with	concept	0.50
METFORMIN	inhibits	concept	0.50
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM	associated_with	concept	0.50
Proteins	interacts_with	protein	0.50
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS	associated_with	concept	0.50
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM	associated_with	concept	0.50
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION	activates	concept	0.50
IGF-1	regulates	concept	0.50
RAPAMYCIN	regulates	concept	0.50
B CELLS	activates	concept	0.50
Gut Microbiota	inhibits	process	0.50
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION	associated_with	concept	0.50
Cognitive Decline	activates	disease	0.50
Gut Microbiota	regulates	process	0.50
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION	interacts_with	concept	0.50
Gut Microbiota	activates	process	0.50
Gut Microbiota	interacts_with	process	0.50
SEROTONIN	inhibits	concept	0.50
SEROTONIN	activates	concept	0.50
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION	inhibits	concept	0.50
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS	activates	concept	0.50
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS	associated_with	concept	0.50
RAPAMYCIN	inhibits	concept	0.50

Incoming (637)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	associated_with	disease	1.00
PARKINSON'S DISEASE	associated_with	disease	1.00
AMYLOID	associated_with	protein	1.00
AMPK	associated_with	gene	0.90
MTOR	activates	gene	0.82
TNF	associated_with	gene	0.82
BDNF	associated_with	gene	0.82
IL-6	associated_with	gene	0.82
NF-KB	associated_with	protein	0.82
MTOR	associated_with	gene	0.82
AKT	activates	gene	0.74
AMPK	activates	gene	0.74
TAU	associated_with	protein	0.72
AMYLOID	inhibits	protein	0.66
AKT	associated_with	gene	0.66
PI3K	inhibits	gene	0.66
SOD1	associated_with	gene	0.66
APOE	associated_with	gene	0.66
JUN	associated_with	gene	0.56
TAU	phosphorylates	protein	0.56
AKT	inhibits	gene	0.56
TAU	activates	protein	0.56
ASTROCYTES	inhibits	cell_type	0.56
GLUT4	activates	concept	0.50
OBESITY	activates	disease	0.50
ACTB	activates	gene	0.50
Autophagy	activates	process	0.50
PPARGC1A	activates	gene	0.50
RPS6	activates	gene	0.50
CTSD	activates	gene	0.50
mTOR	activates	entity	0.50
PPARG	activates	gene	0.50
MAP1LC3B	activates	gene	0.50
RPS6KB1	activates	gene	0.50
PPARA	activates	gene	0.50
PIK3C3	activates	gene	0.50
RUBCN	activates	gene	0.50
LRP2	activates	gene	0.50
SREBF1	activates	gene	0.50
EIF4EBP1	activates	gene	0.50
RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6	activates	protein	0.50
RUBICON	activates	protein	0.50
LAMP1	activates	protein	0.50
RAB7A	activates	protein	0.50
ISCHEMIA	activates	disease	0.50
MTORC1	activates	concept	0.50
Epithelial Cell	activates	cell_type	0.50
NADH	activates	concept	0.50
DAG1	activates	gene	0.50
IGF1R	activates	gene	0.50

Targeting Hypotheses (1)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Brain Insulin Resistance with Glucose Transporter Dysfunctio	0.398	neurodegeneration	Metabolic reprogramming in neurodegenera

Mentioning Analyses (1)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

Metabolic reprogramming in neurodegenerative disease

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-02 | 3 hypotheses Top: 0.398

Related Papers (9)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year
Comparative study of the glucolipid profile and GLUTs gene expression in respons [PMID:41232212]	["Wang Z", "Wang H", "Du P", "Zhang X",	Poultry science	2025
Altered Glut4, IRAP, and Brain Insulin Signaling in a Mouse Model of Epilepsy an [PMID:41369048]	["Xu W", "Neal E", "Barlow N", "Thompson	Journal of neurochemistry	2025
Targeting glucose transporters in parkinson's disease: a novel metabolic approac [PMID:40879857]	["Singh G", "Ansari S", "Aran K"]	Metabolic brain disease	2025
Tirzepatide prevents neurodegeneration through multiple molecular pathways. [PMID:38287296]	Fontanella RA, Ghosh P, Pesapane A, Takt	Journal of translational medic	2024
A high fat diet potentiates neonatal iron overload-induced memory impairments in [PMID:38358514]	["do Nascimento F", "de Freitas B", "Dos	European journal of nutrition	2024
[WALANT - Wide Awake Local Anaesthesia No Tourniquet: Complications in elective [PMID:35168268]	Wieschollek S, Forster S, Megerle K	Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie,	2022
Complete Genome Sequence of Geobacter sp. Strain FeAm09, a Moderately Acidophili [PMID:33446582]	Yadav P, Antony-Babu S, Hayes E, Healy O	Microbiology resource announce	2021
Engineering complex communities by directed evolution. [PMID:33986540]	Chang CY, Vila JCC, Bender M, Li R, Mank	Nature ecology & evolution	2021
Successful Nonoperative Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Ca [PMID:34825100]	Tajika T, Kuboi T, Endo F, Hatori Y, Sai	Progress in rehabilitation med	2021

INSULIN

Understanding Entity Pages

Wiki Pages (21)

SNIFF-Combo: Intranasal Insulin + Empagliflozin for Alzheimer's Disease (NCT05081219)

cbs-psp-daily-action-plan

Personalized Treatment Plan — Atypical Parkinsonism (CBS/PSP)

Novel Therapy Index

Parkinson's Disease

CBS/PSP Supplements Guide

Device Therapies Comparison for CBS/PSP

Section 148: Advanced Nutritional Biochemistry in CBS/PSP

Alzheimer's Disease Mechanism Index

CBS/PSP Treatment Rankings

Alzheimer's Disease

nct07165106

Microglial Cells — Cell Type Hierarchy

NTF4 Protein

TREM2 Mechanism Hub

GSK-3β in Neurodegeneration

Growth Factor Therapies

ALS Failed Approaches Analysis

Circadian Rhythm in Neurodegeneration

Energy Metabolism Dysfunction Comparison Across Neurodegenerative Diseases