gene

PVALB

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about PVALB: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

608Connections

24Hypotheses

2Analyses

50Outgoing

50Incoming

14Experiments

20Debates

Summary

PVALB encodes parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein in fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons. Critical for cortical inhibition, gamma oscillations, and is vulnerable in AD/PD.

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🧬 Gene Info

Gene Symbol	PVALB
Protein Type	Signaling Protein
Target Class	Signaling Protein
Function	No known druggable mechanism
Mechanism of Action	No known druggable mechanism
Primary Expression	a specific subset of GABAergic interneurons known as fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, which play critical roles in regulating cor
Druggability	Low (0.34)
Clinical Stage	Phase II
Molecular Weight	12 kDa
Amino Acids	109 aa
Pathways	Autophagy, Epigenetic, GABAergic signaling, Thalamo-Amygdala Signaling, Wnt
UniProt ID	P20472
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000100347
GeneCards	PVALB
Human Protein Atlas	PVALB
Associated Diseases	Aging, Als, Alzheimer, alzheimer_s_disease, Alzheimer's disease
Known Drugs/Compounds	17-β estradiol
Interactions	ALZHEIMER, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, AMYLOID, AMYLOID-Β PLAQUES, APP, arid1b
SciDEX Target	View Target Profile (3 clinical trials)
SciDEX Hypotheses	Closed-loop optogenetic targeting PV interneurons Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin inter Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to res (+21 more)
KG Connections	606 knowledge graph edges
Databases	GeneCards NCBI Gene HPA STRING

🔮 Predicted Structure: PVALB — AlphaFold P20472 Click to expand

AI-predicted structure from AlphaFold | Powered by Mol*

Wiki Pages (2)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Canonical Page

PVALB Gene - Parvalbumin

gene · 2503 words

→

Parvalbumin (PVALB) Protein

protein · 617 words

→

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    PVALB["PVALB"]
    Thalamo_Amygdala_Signaling(["Thalamo-Amygdala Signaling"])
    PVALB -->|"involved in"| Thalamo_Amygdala_Signaling
    Alzheimer_s_disease{"Alzheimer's disease"}
    PVALB -->|"therapeutic target"| Alzheimer_s_disease
    Neurodegeneration{"Neurodegeneration"}
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| Neurodegeneration
    PVALB -->|"implicated in"| Alzheimer_s_disease
    NR3C1["NR3C1"]
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| NR3C1
    NEURODEGENERATION["NEURODEGENERATION"]
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| NEURODEGENERATION
    TNF["TNF"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| TNF
    APP["APP"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| APP
    BDNF["BDNF"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| BDNF
    DLG4["DLG4"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| DLG4
    FKBP5["FKBP5"]
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| FKBP5
    Amygdala["Amygdala"]
    PVALB -->|"expressed in"| Amygdala
    h_62f9fc90["h-62f9fc90"]
    h_62f9fc90 -->|"therapeutic target"| PVALB
    h_62f9fc90 -->|"targets"| PVALB
    CASP3["CASP3"]
    CASP3 -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    FKBP5 -->|"interacts with"| PVALB
    APP -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    TNF -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    AND["AND"]
    AND -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    DLG4 -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    BDNF -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    NR3C1 -->|"interacts with"| PVALB
    style PVALB fill:#1a3a4a,stroke:#4fc3f7,stroke-width:3px,color:#e0e0e0

Outgoing (394)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
Sensory Thalamic Reticular Nucleus	expressed_in	brain_region	0.95
neurons	associated_with	cell_type	0.90
PV+ interneurons	regulates	cell_type	0.90
gamma_oscillation	generates	pathway	0.90
direct pharmacological targeting	inhibits	process	0.90
SST	associated_with	gene	0.90
Parvalbumin	encodes	protein	0.90
calcium buffering	regulates	process	0.90
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	associated_with	disease	0.90
Social Memory	involved_in	process	0.85
Thalamo-Amygdala Signaling	involved_in	pathway	0.85
thalamo-amygdala signaling	involved_in	pathway	0.85
autophagy pathway	participates_in	pathway	0.80
GABAergic neurons	associated_with	cell_type	0.80
Cerebral cortex function regulation	involved_in	process	0.80
interneurons	regulates	cell_type	0.80
interneurons	associated_with	cell_type	0.70
interneurons	expressed_in	cell_type	0.70
oxidative stress response	participates_in	pathway	0.70
Alzheimer's disease	therapeutic_target	disease	0.70
PV interneuron function	regulates	process	0.70
schizophrenia	regulates	disease	0.70
cortex	expressed_in	brain_region	0.70
neurons	regulates	cell_type	0.70
neurons	expressed_in	cell_type	0.70
neural stem cells	associated_with	cell_type	0.70
PV interneuron function	modulates	process	0.70
neurons	inhibits	cell_type	0.70
Alzheimer's disease	associated_with	disease	0.69
Prefrontal inhibitory circuits	participates_in	pathway	0.69
Dementia	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Cancer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Als	regulates	disease	0.65
Pyroptosis	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Epilepsy	inhibits	disease	0.65
Depression	inhibits	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	encodes	disease	0.65
Dementia	expressed_in	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Ms	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Necroptosis	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Als	associated_with	disease	0.65
Als	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Epilepsy	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Neurodegeneration	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Schizophrenia	associated_with	disease	0.65
Tumor	associated_with	disease	0.65
ALS	associated_with	disease	0.65
Aging	expressed_in	disease	0.65

Incoming (214)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
h-var-7eaceb5a55	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-ee70969116	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-f4b4d4de63	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-862d6a66d2	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-9da3ee8550	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-e95d2d1d86	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-6c90f2e594	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-14d7585dd1	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-58e76ac310	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-4eca108177	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-6612521a02	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-f8316acf	targets	hypothesis	0.90
h-62f9fc90	targets	hypothesis	0.90
Sst	associated_with	cell_type	0.75
BDNF	associated_with	gene	0.60
MKI67	associated_with	gene	0.60
RGS5	expressed_in	gene	0.60
GRIA2	associated_with	gene	0.60
SLC17A7	associated_with	gene	0.60
IL6R	associated_with	gene	0.60
GAD1	inhibits	gene	0.60
SLC32A1	associated_with	gene	0.60
TMEM106B	associated_with	gene	0.60
CASP3	associated_with	gene	0.60
SLC17A6	associated_with	gene	0.60
GAD1	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
PENK	inhibits	gene	0.60
CRH	inhibits	gene	0.60
FKBP5	interacts_with	gene	0.60
BDNF	inhibits	gene	0.60
FLT1	expressed_in	gene	0.60
autophagy	regulates	pathway	0.60
CALB2	inhibits	gene	0.60
17-β estradiol	activates	drug	0.60
NTF3	activates	gene	0.60
SLC17A7	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SLC17A6	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SLC12A5	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SYN2	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
CALB1	inhibits	gene	0.60
SYP	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SLC32A1	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
GRIN2A	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
IL22	associated_with	gene	0.60
NPY	inhibits	gene	0.60
GAD2	inhibits	gene	0.60
GAD1	associated_with	gene	0.60
KIF15	associated_with	gene	0.60
NEFL	associated_with	gene	0.60
AURKB	interacts_with	gene	0.60

Targeting Hypotheses (24)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Closed-loop optogenetic targeting PV interneurons to restore	0.959	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin interneurons to	0.869	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippo	0.865	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations vi	0.865	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting EC-II PV interneuro	0.863	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippo	0.827	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress	0.811	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV	0.797	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Prefrontal sensory gating circuit restoration via PV interne	0.775	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons	0.754	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Gamma entrainment therapy to restore motor cortical inhibito	0.633	als	-
Optogenetic viral vector delivery via tFUS-mediated blood-br	0.622	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to enhance	0.596	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 40Hz gamma	0.573	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorh	0.564	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound target	0.559	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations vi	0.555	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with real-time g	0.546	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound target	0.542	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with adaptive AP	0.380	-	Survival Analysis of AD Patient Cohorts:
Real-time optogenetic activation of CA3 PV interneurons to r	0.376	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with gamma entra	0.000	alzheimers	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Temporal Processing Enhancement Hypothesis	0.000	-	Unable to extract research questions - t
Layer-Specific Interneuron Protection in Deep Cortical Layer	0.000	-	Cell type vulnerability in Alzheimers Di

Mentioning Analyses (2)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurodegeneration

neuroscience | 2026-04-03 | 73 hypotheses Top: 0.968

Cell type vulnerability in Alzheimers Disease (SEA-AD transcriptomic data)

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-03 | 19 hypotheses Top: 0.891

Experiments (14)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
SIRPα modulation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease	validation	Alzheimer's disease	0.900	0.00	mouse models of Alzheimer's di	proposed	N/A
Epigenetic clocks association with brain aging patterns in older women	exploratory	cognitive impairment and demen	0.900	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
CHI3L1 variant association with AD progression in human patients	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.850	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
Microglial SIRPα expression in human Alzheimer's disease tissue	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.800	0.00	human brain tissue	proposed	N/A
Closed-loop tFUS Enhances Glymphatic Clearance and Restores CA1 PV Int	in_vivo	Alzheimer's disease	0.765	0.55	APP/PS1 mice 8-11 months (n=10	abandoned	$125,000
Brain Connectivity-Targeted tACS Trial in Early AD	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.509	0.50	human postmortem brain tissue	proposed	$520,000
s:** - Test whether HCN1 knockout specifically in EC layer II accelera	falsification	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$80,000
AD Amyloid-Resilient Phenotype Study — Why Some amyloid-Positive Indiv	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$6,550,000
AD Combination Therapy Trial: Anti-Aβ + Anti-Tau	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$180,000
Biomarker-Guided Sequential Therapy Selection in Alzheimer's Disease	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
tACS Connectivity Trial in Early Alzheimer's	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Brain Connectivity-Targeted tACS Trial in Early AD	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	mouse	proposed	$730,000
Cholinergic System Dysfunction in DLB — Mechanisms and Therapeutic Res	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Migraine Cortical Hyperexcitability and Alzheimer's Disease Risk: Long	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year	Citations
Integrated multimodal cell atlas of Alzheimer’s disease [PMID:39402379]	Gabitto MI, Travaglini KJ, Rachleff VM,	Nature Neuroscience	2024	225
Transcriptional and functional profiles of muscarinic receptor-expressing neuron [PMID:41857244]	Tsolias A, Mojica CA, Yamani R, Khanna S	Communications biology	2026	0
Neurophysiological and neuropharmacological effects of melatonin MT2 receptors a [PMID:41571206]	["Barzon B", "Marchiotto F", "Nasini S",	Biochemical pharmacology	2026	0
Enhanced interhemispheric functional connectivity in elderly anxiety patients wi [PMID:41656398]	["Chang Y", "Liu M", "Liu Y", "Xie X", "	Scientific reports	2026	0
Convergent transcriptomic and connectomic controllers of information integration [PMID:41606107]	Luppi AI, Uhrig L, Tasserie J, Mediano P	Nature human behaviour	2026	0
Transcranial direct current stimulation restores addictive behavior via prefront [PMID:41136747]	["Zuo H", "Zhang W", "Wang L", "Wu Y", "	Molecular psychiatry	2026	0
Meta-Analyses of Auditory Evoked Potentials as Alzheimer Biomarkers. [PMID:40836165]	Bayat A, Mirmomeni G, Aiken S, Jafari Z	Ear and hearing	2026	0
Establishing mouse forebrain organoids as models of intrinsic cortical network a [PMID:41791384]	Hernandez S, Schweiger HE, Cline I, Kaur	Stem cell reports	2026	0
Altered Expression of GABA-Related Genes in Schizophrenia: Insights from Meta-An [PMID:41788138]	Singer Y, Yitzhaky A, Hertzberg L	Alpha psychiatry	2026	0
A silent Kv channel subunit shapes PV neuron action potential waveform and short [PMID:41632839]	Ganesh S, Canty TM, Sabatini BL	Proceedings of the National Ac	2026	0
Retinal Müller glia alterations and their impact on ocular glymphatic clearance [PMID:41603340]	Das G, Raghunathan R, Wang L	J Alzheimers Dis	2026	0
Mitochondrial bioenergetic signatures differentiate asymptomatic from symptomati [PMID:41279752]	Mandal P, Trushina E, Arnold M, Kaddurah	bioRxiv : the preprint server	2025	0
The Glymphatic-Venous Axis in Brain Clearance Failure: Aquaporin-4 Dysfunction, [PMID:41226584]	["Costea D", "Dobrin N", "Tataru C", "To	International journal of molec	2025	0
Fate plasticity of interneuron specification. [PMID:40264797]	Mostajo-Radji MA, Leon WRM, Breevoort A,	iScience	2025	0
Multimodal Neuroimaging of Obesity: From Structural-Functional Mechanisms to Pre [PMID:40426616]	["Liu W", "Li N", "Tang D", "Qin L", "Zh	Brain sciences	2025	0
Medial prefrontal cortex circuit dynamics involved in stage-specific addiction. [PMID:41307570]	["Zhao D", "Zhang X", "Bai J"]	Brain structure & function	2025	0
Studies in rats of a target specific and reversible general anesthetic with a fa [PMID:41187127]	["Xie Z", "Fong R", "Fox A"]	PloS one	2025	0
tDCS-induced enhancement of cognitive flexibility in autism: role of frontal lob [PMID:40874060]	["Han Y", "Dong A", "Xia C", "Zhang Z",	Frontiers in behavioral neuros	2025	0
Fate plasticity of interneuron specification. [PMID:40264797]	["Mostajo-Radji M", "Leon W", "Breevoort	iScience	2025	0
Longitudinal changes of blood-brain barrier and transcytolemmal water exchange p [PMID:40089221]	Xiong C, Yu Z, Yin Y	Neuroimage	2025	0

Debates (20)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

Second debate: Microglial TREM2-SYK Pathway Enhancement

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.57 · 2026-04-28

Extended debate: Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 40Hz gamma ent

closed · Rounds: 6 · Score: 0.95 · 2026-04-27

Extended debate: Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II SST interneurons to block tau

closed · Rounds: 6 · Score: 0.95 · 2026-04-27

Debate: Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorhinal PV inte

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.65 · 2026-04-27

Debate: Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II SST interneurons to block tau propagati

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.71 · 2026-04-27

Debate: Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.87 · 2026-04-27

Debate: Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress burst firin

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.48 · 2026-04-27

Debate: LPCAT3-Mediated Lands Cycle Remodeling as the Primary Ferroptotic Primin

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.12 · 2026-04-27

Debate: ALOX15-Driven Enzymatic Ferroptosis in AD Oligodendrocytes via PUFA-PE P

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.42 · 2026-04-27

Debate: LPCAT3-Mediated Lands Cycle Amplification of Ferroptotic Vulnerability i

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.48 · 2026-04-27

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning PVALB in their description or question text

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscilla

Score: 0.827 · alzheimers · 2026-04-16

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscillations via glymph

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress burst firing and bl

Score: 0.811 · alzheimers · 2026-04-05

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress burst firing and block tau propagat

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons with r

Score: 0.797 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons with real-time gamma f

Prefrontal sensory gating circuit restoration via PV interneuron enhancement

Score: 0.775 · alzheimers · 2026-04-02

## Molecular Mechanism and Rationale Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons represent the most abundant class of GAB

Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons to restore theta-ga

Score: 0.754 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons to restore theta-gamma coupling and

Optogenetic viral vector delivery via tFUS-mediated blood-brain barrier opening

Score: 0.622 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Optogenetic viral vector delivery via tFUS-mediated blood-brain barrier opening to restore hippo

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to enhance perisomatic inhibiti

Score: 0.596 · alzheimers · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to enhance perisomatic inhibition and block tau

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 40Hz gamma entrainment to resto

Score: 0.573 · alzheimers · 2026-04-12

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 40Hz gamma entrainment to restore hippocampal-c

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorhinal PV interneurons

Score: 0.564 · alzheimers · 2026-04-20

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorhinal PV interneurons to restore Anky

Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PVALB interneuro

Score: 0.559 · alzheimers · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PVALB interneurons with continuo

Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations via channelrhodopsin-2

Score: 0.555 · alzheimers · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations via channelrhodopsin-2 expression in P

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with real-time gamma feedback to res

Score: 0.546 · alzheimers · 2026-04-17

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with real-time gamma feedback to restore PV interneu

Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PV interneurons

Score: 0.542 · alzheimers · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PV interneurons with API-integra

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with adaptive API-guided targeting t

Score: 0.380 · unknown disease · 2026-04-27

This hypothesis combines closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) with real-time API-guided adaptive targeting