protein

INS

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about INS: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

398Connections

30Hypotheses

0Analyses

50Outgoing

50Incoming

12Experiments

0Debates

Summary

Page for INS Protein (Insulin)

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🔬 Protein Info

Gene Symbol	INS
Aliases	Insulin
Chromosome	11p15.5
Molecular Weight	6 kDa
Amino Acids	110 aa
Pathways	PI3K, MAPK
GeneCards	INS
Human Protein Atlas	INS
Associated Diseases	Als, Alzheimer, Cancer, Obesity, Parkinson
Known Drugs/Compounds	metformin
Interactions	AGING, AKT, AKT1, ALZHEIMER, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, AMPK
KG Connections	398 knowledge graph edges
Databases	GeneCards UniProt NCBI Gene HPA STRING

Wiki Pages (5)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    INS["INS"]
    INS -->|"target for"| Cardiovascular["Cardiovascular"]
    INS -->|"target for"| Diabetes["Diabetes"]
    INS -->|"target for"| Aging["Aging"]
    INS -->|"interacts"| Cancer["Cancer"]
    INS -->|"activates"| Als["Als"]
    INS -->|"interacts"| Atherosclerosis["Atherosclerosis"]
    INS -->|"activates"| Inflammation["Inflammation"]
    INS -->|"contributes to"| INSULIN_RESISTANCE["INSULIN RESISTANCE"]
    INS -->|"interacts"| PPARG["PPARG"]
    Steroid_Hormones["Steroid Hormones"] -->|"regulates"| INS
    PI3K["PI3K"] -->|"target for"| INS
    AND["AND"] -->|"interacts"| INS
    AKT1["AKT1"] -->|"interacts"| INS
    APOPTOSIS["APOPTOSIS"] -->|"contributes to"| INS
    AMPK["AMPK"] -->|"activates"| INS
    OXIDATIVE_STRESS["OXIDATIVE STRESS"] -->|"contributes to"| INS
    INFLAMMATION["INFLAMMATION"] -->|"activates"| INS
    SRC["SRC"] -->|"activates"| INS

Outgoing (256)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
TUG	activates	protein	0.95
ASPSCR1	activates	protein	0.95
Glucose Metabolism	regulates	process	0.90
Glucose Uptake	activates	process	0.90
Cognitive Function	regulates	phenotype	0.85
SYT8	regulates	gene	0.80
Alzheimer	activates	disease	0.65
Ms	activates	disease	0.65
Tumor	activates	disease	0.65
Aging	activates	disease	0.65
Neurodegeneration	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Cancer	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Als	activates	disease	0.65
Aging	protects_against	disease	0.65
Cancer	protects_against	disease	0.65
Neuroinflammation	activates	disease	0.65
Diabetes	protects_against	disease	0.65
Diabetes	activates	disease	0.65
ALS	activates	disease	0.65
Obesity	activates	disease	0.65
Inflammation	activates	disease	0.65
Atherosclerosis	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	regulates	disease	0.65
Als	regulates	disease	0.65
Parkinson	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
ALS	associated_with	disease	0.65
Cancer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Tumor	associated_with	disease	0.65
Cancer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Ms	regulates	disease	0.65
Als	associated_with	disease	0.65
Parkinson	associated_with	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Ms	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Atherosclerosis	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Aging	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Obesity	associated_with	disease	0.65
Cardiovascular	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Diabetes	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
ALS	regulates	disease	0.65
STAT3	interacts_with	gene	0.60
HIF	activates	gene	0.60
Oxidative Stress	contributes_to	pathway	0.60
Insulin Signaling	activates	pathway	0.60
AKT	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
Mapk	therapeutic_target	pathway	0.60
Oxidative Stress	therapeutic_target	pathway	0.60
Apoptosis	therapeutic_target	pathway	0.60
Akt	therapeutic_target	pathway	0.60

Incoming (142)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
Steroid Hormones	regulates	compound	0.80
PI3K	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
AKT1	interacts_with	gene	0.60
APOPTOSIS	contributes_to	gene	0.60
MAPK	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
OXIDATIVE STRESS	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
EGFR	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
AKT1	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
PTEN	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
ALZHEIMER	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
GENES	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
APOPTOSIS	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
NEUROTOXICITY	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
STAT3	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
NAD	activates	gene	0.60
SST	activates	gene	0.60
SLC32A1	associated_with	gene	0.60
GENES	associated_with	gene	0.60
NPY	associated_with	gene	0.60
AGING	protects_against	gene	0.60
IL6	associated_with	gene	0.60
ESR2	associated_with	gene	0.60
ACHE	associated_with	gene	0.60
NOS2	associated_with	gene	0.60
ALZHEIMER	associated_with	gene	0.60
BDNF	associated_with	gene	0.60
AKT1	associated_with	gene	0.60
NOS3	associated_with	gene	0.60
IL1B	associated_with	gene	0.60
DRD2	associated_with	gene	0.60
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	associated_with	gene	0.60
PTGS2	associated_with	gene	0.60
ESR1	regulates	gene	0.60
APP	interacts_with	gene	0.60
CACNA1C	interacts_with	gene	0.60
GSK3B	interacts_with	gene	0.60
IGF1R	interacts_with	gene	0.60
AKT2	regulates	gene	0.60
CD36	regulates	gene	0.60
FAS	regulates	gene	0.60
FOXO1	regulates	gene	0.60
AND	activates	gene	0.60
APOE	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
OXIDATIVE STRESS	contributes_to	gene	0.60
INFLAMMATION	activates	gene	0.60
PI3K	interacts_with	gene	0.60
SRC	activates	gene	0.60
JAK2	activates	gene	0.60
PIK3CG	activates	gene	0.60

Targeting Hypotheses (30)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Astrocyte-Intrinsic NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Alpha-S	0.822	neurodegeneration	What are the mechanisms by which gut mic
LRRK2 G2019S Kinase Inhibition for Parkinson's Disease	0.795	neurodegeneration	Test
Senescent Microglia Resolution via Maresins-Senolytics Combi	0.791	neurodegeneration	Neuroinflammation resolution mechanisms
NMN Supplementation Restores SIRT1/p66Shc/FOXO3 Epigenetic A	0.790	neurodegeneration	epigenetic reprogramming aging neurons
SIRT1/PGC-1α Axis Activation to Preserve Mitochondrial Resil	0.778	neurodegeneration	Gut Microbiome Analysis in Parkinson's D

Exosomal SNCA Propagation from Lysosome-Compromised Neurons	0.777	neurodegeneration	-
H3: SIRT1 Insufficiency Disconnects Metabolic Sensing from E	0.770	neurodegeneration	Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic rep
GBA1/GCase restoration to reduce alpha-synuclein pathology i	0.760	neurodegeneration	Test
ASO-mediated reduction of toxic C9orf72 dipeptide repeat pro	0.760	neurodegeneration	Test
GRN/progranulin lysosomal insufficiency across FTD, ALS-spec	0.756	multi	Cross-disease neurodegeneration mechanis
GBA1 Loss Triggers a TFEB-to-TFE3 Compensatory Switch in A9	0.750	neurodegeneration	-
LAMP2A-Mediated Autophagy Enhancement Blocks Alpha-Synuclein	0.745	neurodegeneration	Test
C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Dipeptide Repeat Proteins Inhi	0.738	neurodegeneration	Legacy Pre-Pipeline Hypothesis Import
NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibition for Neuroprotection in Parkins	0.720	neurodegeneration	Test
Pharmacologic activation of GBA1 to reduce alpha-synuclein b	0.720	neurodegeneration	Test
Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated APOE4 Haploinsufficiency	0.720	neurodegeneration	APOE4 targeting in neurodegeneration
LRRK2 kinase inhibition to normalize lysosomal trafficking i	0.710	neurodegeneration	Test
TREM2 haploinsufficiency dysregulates microglial synaptic su	0.700	neurodegeneration	Synaptic pruning by microglia in neurode
Granzyme B Inhibition with Serpina3n to Preserve Axonal Inte	0.698	neuroimmunology	Do CXCL10-recruited CD8+ T cells provide
Dasatinib plus Quercetin Senolytic Clearance of p16Ink4a-Hig	0.680	neurodegeneration	-
Arginine Methylation Loss on FUS RGG Domains Drives Irrevers	0.680	als	Biophysical Determinants Shifting FUS/TD
Mitophagy and NAD pathway enhancement in sporadic Parkinson'	0.670	neurodegeneration	Test
Alpha-synuclein phosphorylation-dominated LLPS hijacks synap	0.657	parkinsons	-
Optogenetic Microglial Deactivation via Engineered Inhibitor	0.655	neurodegeneration	Synaptic pruning by microglia in early A
LRRK2 Haploinsufficiency Traps Microglia in Senescence-Like	0.650	parkinsons	-
Chronic ISR Activation Represses Axonal Protein Synthesis in	0.650	parkinsons	-
Mitochondrial ROS from complex I and cardiolipin instability	0.640	neurodegeneration	What mechanisms drive the self-amplifyin
ER-Mitochondria Calcium Microdomains Couple Mitophagy and ER	0.636	neurodegeneration	How do different organelle-specific auto
TBK1 Insufficiency in Alzheimer Microglia Drives a Senescenc	0.633	alzheimers	-
Nrf2 Pathway Activation Compensates for Progranulin Haploins	0.630	neurodegeneration	Test

Mentioning Analyses (0)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

No analyses mention this entity

Experiments (12)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
Epigenetic clocks association with brain aging patterns in older women	exploratory	cognitive impairment and demen	0.900	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
PGC-1α knockout analysis of PV+ interneuron maturation	validation	neurodevelopmental disorders	0.850	0.00	knockout mice	proposed	N/A
PV+ interneuron subtype diversification analysis	exploratory	neurodevelopmental disorders	0.750	0.00	mouse cortical PV+ interneuron	proposed	N/A
Proposed experiment from debate on Senolytics targeting p16/p21+ senes	falsification	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$80,000
Mechanism: Why Does Amyloid Removal Only Slow Decline 27%?	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$7,500,000
cGAS-STING Pathway Validation Study in Parkinson's Disease	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$7,100,000
Microglial Aging and Immune Memory in Neurodegeneration — Training the	validation	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$2,960,000
Microglial Contributions to Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis	validation	Neuroinflammation	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$2,960,000
Mixed Pathology Effects on Parkinson's Disease Progression and Treatme	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
NLRP3 Inflammasome Validation Study in Parkinson's Disease	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Senolytic Therapy (D+Q) Phase IIa Trial in Early Alzheimer's Disease	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease Relationship	validation	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$3,000,000

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year	Citations
Caloric Restriction Intervention Alters Specific Circulating Biomarkers of the S [PMID:37738560]	Justice JN, Leng XI, LeBrasseur NK, Tchk	J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci	2024	1
Sex differences in autophagy-mediated diseases: toward precision medicine. [PMID:32264724]	Shang D, Wang L, Klionsky DJ, Cheng H, Z	Autophagy	2021	1
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneous tumor and immune cell populatio [PMID:33144684]	He D, Wang D, Lu P, Yang N, Xue Z, Zhu X	Oncogene	2021	1
The TREM2-APOE Pathway Drives the Transcriptional Phenotype of Dysfunctional Mic [PMID:28930663]	Krasemann S, Madore C, Cialic R, Baufeld	Immunity	2017	1
Clearance of senescent cells by ABT263 rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells [PMID:26657143]	Chang J, Wang Y, Shao L, Laberge RM, Dem	Nat Med	2016	1
The Achilles' heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs. [PMID:25754370]	Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T, Gower	Aging Cell	2015	1
Senolytic elimination of therapy-induced senescent cells by ABT-263 improves che [PMID:41423036]	Zhang D, Zhu J, Zou R, Zhang H, Yu BP, L	Biochemical pharmacology	2026	0
Comprehensive assessment of the genomic stability of human induced pluripotent s [PMID:41877289]	Zhang K, Na T, Jia C, Yuan X, Guo M, Yan	Stem cell research & therapy	2026	0
Characterization of the Direct and Indirect Inhibition of Apoptosis by Full-Leng [PMID:41589352]	Elsner C, Epasto LM, Cieren A, Gendreizi	Chembiochem : a European journ	2026	0
Exploring the key molecular mechanisms and immune microenvironment of oxidative [PMID:41591671]	Cai Z, Li J, Li T, Peng Q	Discover oncology	2026	0
Enhancing TREM2 expression activates microglia and modestly mitigates tau pathol [PMID:40122810]	["Chen Kai", "Li Fuyao", "Zhang Shuwen",	Journal of neuroinflammation	2025	0
Navitoclax acts synergistically with irradiation to induce apoptosis in preclini [PMID:41430412]	Vardon A, Haston S, Hamdi H, Cooksley G,	Scientific reports	2025	0
Enhancing TREM2 expression activates microglia and modestly mitigates tau pathol [PMID:40122810]	["Chen Kai", "Li Fuyao", "Zhang Shuwen",	Journal of neuroinflammation	2025	0
Combination of senolytic and pro-resolving mediator shows synergistic benefit in [PMID:synthetic_19]	Unknown	Nat Aging	2024	0
Senolytic treatment diminishes microglia and decreases severity of experimental [PMID:39487537]	Drake SS, Zaman A, Gianfelice C, Hua EM,	Journal of neuroinflammation	2024	0
SIRT1 and SIRT6: The role in aging-related diseases. [PMID:37499928]	You Y, Liang W	Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis	2023	0
CSF markers of microglial senescence predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer's di [PMID:synthetic_20]	Unknown	Ann Neurol	2023	0
Inhibition of autophagy in microglia and macrophages exacerbates innate immune r [PMID:36652438]	Hegdekar N, Sarkar C, Bustos S, Ritzel R	Autophagy	2023	0
Parkin regulates microglial NLRP3 and represses neurodegeneration in Parkinson's [PMID:37029500]	Yan YQ, Zheng R, Liu Y, Ruan Y, Lin ZH,	Aging cell	2023	0
SIRT1 and SIRT6: The role in aging-related diseases. [PMID:37499928]	You Y, Liang W	Biochimica et biophysica acta.	2023	0

Debates (0)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

No debates reference this entity

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning INS in their description or question text

H3: SIRT1 Insufficiency Disconnects Metabolic Sensing from Epigenomic Homeostasi

Score: 0.770 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22

## Mechanistic Overview H3: SIRT1 Insufficiency Disconnects Metabolic Sensing from Epigenomic Homeostasis starts from th

GBA1/GCase restoration to reduce alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's diseas

Score: 0.760 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-29

Heterozygous GBA1 loss of function reduces beta-glucocerebrosidase activity, disrupts lysosomal lipid handling, and prom

ASO-mediated reduction of toxic C9orf72 dipeptide repeat proteins in ALS/FTD

Score: 0.760 · neurodegeneration · 2026-05-01

Antisense oligonucleotides targeting expanded GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 offer the strongest therapeutic hypothesis by si

GRN/progranulin lysosomal insufficiency across FTD, ALS-spectrum stress, and AD

Score: 0.756 · multi · 2026-04-28

Shared mechanism across FTD, ALS, AD: Progranulin insufficiency causes tau-negative, ubiquitin-positive FTD and weakens

LAMP2A-Mediated Autophagy Enhancement Blocks Alpha-Synuclein Propagation in Park

Score: 0.745 · neurodegeneration · 2026-05-10

AAV9-mediated overexpression of LAMP2A enhances chaperone-mediated autophagy to selectively degrade pathological alpha-s

C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Dipeptide Repeat Proteins Inhibit Nucleocytoplasmi

Score: 0.738 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-26

C9orf72 repeat transcripts undergo non-ATG translation producing DPRs (poly-GA, poly-GR, poly-PR) that sequester nucleoc

NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibition for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease

Score: 0.720 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-28

Targeted inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation attenuates alpha-synuclein-driven microglial neuroinflammation, red

Pharmacologic activation of GBA1 to reduce alpha-synuclein burden in Parkinson's

Score: 0.720 · neurodegeneration · 2026-05-01

GBA1 mutations represent the strongest genetic risk factor for PD (OR 5-20x), and GCase dysfunction creates a druggable

Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated APOE4 Haploinsufficiency

Score: 0.720 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22

**Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene encodes a 299-amino acid glycoprotein that serve

LRRK2 kinase inhibition to normalize lysosomal trafficking in Parkinson's diseas

Score: 0.710 · neurodegeneration · 2026-05-01

LRRK2 G2019S mutations cause autosomal dominant PD through hyperactivation that impairs vesicular trafficking via Rab GT

TREM2 haploinsufficiency dysregulates microglial synaptic surveillance, switchin

Score: 0.700 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22

**Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) functions as a criti

Granzyme B Inhibition with Serpina3n to Preserve Axonal Integrity Against Cytoto

Score: 0.698 · neuroimmunology · 2026-04-15

## Mechanistic Overview Granzyme B Inhibition with Serpina3n to Preserve Axonal Integrity Against Cytotoxic Attack start

INS