TREM2-Mediated Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk in Neurodegeneration

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Hypothesis

TREM2-Mediated Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk in Neurodegeneration

TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein predominantly expressed on microglia in the central nervous system, where it associates with the adaptor protein TYROBP (DAP12) to form a fun.

🧬 TREM2🩺 neurodegeneration🎯 Composite 89%💱 $0.58▼36.5%validated

🔬 Microglial Biology 🔥 Neuroinflammation

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🧪 Overview

Mechanistic Overview

TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein predominantly expressed on microglia in the central nervous system, where it associates with the adaptor protein TYROBP (DAP12) to form a functional signaling complex. Upon ligand binding—including phospholipids, lipoproteins, and amyloid-β oligomers—TREM2 undergoes conformational changes that enable TYROBP phosphorylation by Src family kinases, creating docking sites for SYK kinase, which initiates downstream signaling cascades involving PI3K/AKT, PLCγ, and calcium mobilization pathways that promote microglial survival, proliferation, and phagocytic activity ^[1].

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Mechanistic Overview

TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein predominantly expressed on microglia in the central nervous system, where it associates with the adaptor protein TYROBP (DAP12) to form a functional signaling complex. Upon ligand binding—including phospholipids, lipoproteins, and amyloid-β oligomers—TREM2 undergoes conformational changes that enable TYROBP phosphorylation by Src family kinases, creating docking sites for SYK kinase, which initiates downstream signaling cascades involving PI3K/AKT, PLCγ, and calcium mobilization pathways that promote microglial survival, proliferation, and phagocytic activity ^[1].

In the healthy brain, TREM2-competent microglia maintain astrocytes in a homeostatic state through secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10, TGF-β, and BDNF, which bind to their respective receptors on astrocytes and maintain expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1, aquaporin-4 water channels, and connexin-43 gap junction proteins essential for synaptic support and ionic homeostasis. When TREM2 signaling becomes compromised through aging-related downregulation, loss-of-function variants (R47H, R62H), or pathological conditions, microglia shift toward a pro-inflammatory state and increase production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which activate astrocytic NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways, promoting the neurotoxic A1 reactive astrocyte phenotype characterized by upregulation of complement cascade components (C3, C1q) and loss of synaptic support functions ^[2].

TREM2 is predominantly expressed in microglia across all brain regions, with highest expression in the medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, and temporal cortex—regions most vulnerable to AD pathology. Single-cell RNA-seq from SEA-AD reveals TREM2 upregulation in disease-associated microglia (DAM) clusters, with 3–5× increased expression compared to homeostatic microglia ^[3]. Age-dependent analysis shows progressive TREM2 upregulation from age 60+, correlating with amyloid plaque density. TREM2 expression is inversely correlated with microglial senescence markers (p16, p21), supporting the hypothesis that TREM2 signaling protects against senescence transition ^[2].

Molecular and Cellular Rationale

The pathway label is `TREM2/TYROBP microglial signaling → astrocyte-microglia crosstalk disruption`. TREM2 sits near a control bottleneck that integrates multiple stress signals and stabilizes disease-relevant state transitions in glia. TREM2 expression is enriched in the exact regional compartments that show vulnerability in AD, narrowing the plausible mechanism space ^[3].

In 5xFAD mice crossed with TREM2 knockout animals, reactive astrocyte markers including GFAP and S100β were increased 65–75% compared to 5xFAD mice with intact TREM2 signaling. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that TREM2-deficient microglia showed a 3-fold increase in pro-inflammatory gene expression (Tnfa, Il1b, Nos2) and a 50% reduction in homeostatic markers (P2ry12, Tmem119, Cx3cr1) ^[3]. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that conditioned media from TREM2 knockout microglia induced A1 astrocyte transformation within 48 hours, evidenced by 4-fold upregulation of complement component C3 and 60% reduction in GLT-1 expression.

Mouse models of tauopathy (P301S) with TREM2 haploinsufficiency demonstrated accelerated tau pathology progression, with 45–55% increases in phospho-tau burden and 30% greater neuronal loss compared to controls, accompanied by impaired glutamate uptake capacity (70% reduction in GLT-1 activity) and compromised blood-brain barrier integrity (2-fold increase in Evans blue extravasation) ^[4]. Extracellular vesicle analysis in TREM2-deficient conditions revealed 8-fold enrichment of miR-155 and 5-fold reduction in protective miR-124, directly linking TREM2 status to intercellular communication mechanisms. Treatment with TREM2 agonist antibodies increased microglial IL-10 production by 3-fold and reduced astrocyte complement expression by 80% in LPS-challenged cultures ^[1].

The human TREM2R47H variant associated with high AD risk fails to activate microglia via SYK ^[1]. SYK-deficient microglia cannot encase Aβ plaques, accelerating brain pathology and behavioral deficits, and SYK deficiency impairs the PI3K-AKT-GSK3 axis downstream of TREM2 ^[1]. Sleep deprivation exacerbates microglial reactivity and Aβ deposition in a TREM2-dependent manner in mice, linking external stress inputs to TREM2 pathway flux ^[5].

CSF proteogenomic data from a GWAS of 7,092 SomaScan proteins in 1,259 individuals identified 1,971 genome-wide significant pQTLs relevant to CNS biology, including loci that intersect neuroinflammatory signaling networks ^[6]. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing approaches have been proposed as a route to modulate TREM2 signaling in microglial populations ^[7].

Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis

Sleep deprivation exacerbates microglial reactivity and Aβ deposition in a TREM2-dependent manner in mice, linking environmental stress inputs to TREM2-regulated microglial states ^[5].

Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics confirm the presence of TREM2-dependent DAM and identify TREM2-independent cellular responses in AD, establishing the boundaries of TREM2 pathway dependence ^[3].

TREM2 drives microglia response to amyloid-β via SYK-dependent and -independent pathways; the R47H variant specifically abrogates SYK activation and plaque encasement ^[1].

TREM2 maintains microglial metabolic fitness in AD, with TREM2-deficient microglia showing impaired mTOR-dependent anabolic metabolism and reduced capacity for phagocytosis of amyloid ^[2].

CSF proteogenomics links genetic variation to neurodegenerative disease proteins across 7,092 proteins, providing a framework for identifying TREM2 pathway effectors as biomarkers ^[6].

Gene editing technologies including CRISPR/Cas9 have been proposed to correct or modulate TREM2 variants in stem cell-derived microglia for AD therapy ^[7].

Contradictory Evidence, Caveats, and Failure Modes

TREM2 deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation and protects against neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy, demonstrating that TREM2 effects are context-dependent and can be neuroprotective in an amyloid-independent setting ^[8]. In P301S tau mice, TREM2 knockout reduced microglial activation and neurodegeneration, directly opposing the gain-of-function therapeutic hypothesis.

Trem2 restrains the enhancement of tau accumulation and neurodegeneration by β-amyloid pathology; in pure tauopathy without amyloid co-pathology, TREM2 loss may be neutral or protective, meaning the therapeutic window is likely restricted to amyloid-positive stages ^[4].

Microglia states nomenclature remains unsettled, and the DAM/homeostatic dichotomy is an oversimplification of a continuous, multidimensional state space ^[9]. Interventions designed to push microglia toward or away from DAM may not behave predictably across the full range of states observed in patient tissue.

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has systemic ramifications; TREM2 is expressed on peripheral myeloid cells, and systemic TREM2 agonism may produce off-target immune modulation in contexts such as cardiovascular disease ^[10].

TREM2's role has been characterized primarily in amyloid models; generalization to pure tauopathy or synucleinopathy contexts requires independent validation ^[11].

Clinical and Translational Relevance

Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), generated by ADAM10/17-mediated ectodomain shedding, serves as a proximal pharmacodynamic marker that increases 2–3 fold within weeks of TREM2 agonist treatment initiation. Sustained TREM2 activation reduces neuroinflammation as measured by decreased YKL-40 and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in CSF, with 30–50% reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α alongside increased IL-10 in responsive patients. Plasma phospho-tau181, phospho-tau217, and neurofilament light chain show dose-dependent improvements in response to TREM2 modulation, with 20–40% reductions observed after 6–12 months of treatment in preclinical models ^[4].

Patient stratification is critical: individuals carrying TREM2 R47H or R62H variants may show differential treatment responses, and amyloid-positive status likely defines the population in which TREM2 agonism is beneficial rather than neutral or harmful ^[1]. Companion diagnostics should include TREM2 genotyping, baseline sTREM2 measurements, and neuroinflammation biomarker panels. Three clinical trials are currently registered (two recruiting, one completed), providing exposure, safety, and pharmacodynamic data that will test whether the mechanism holds in human brain tissue and patient-level heterogeneity.

Pharmacokinetic studies in non-human primates indicate that optimized TREM2 agonist antibodies achieve CSF concentrations of 0.1–1% of plasma levels, sufficient for target engagement as measured by increased microglial proliferation markers. Excessive TREM2 activation can lead to microglial exhaustion; preclinical studies suggest optimal dosing involves monthly intravenous administration of 10–30 mg/kg to maintain steady-state brain exposure while avoiding overstimulation ^[2].

Experimental Predictions and Validation Strategy

Perturbation experiment: Genetic or pharmacological TREM2 activation in a dual amyloid-tau model (e.g., TauPS2APP) should reduce phospho-tau burden, improve astrocyte GLT-1 expression, and decrease complement C3 upregulation. Failure to improve tau pathology while improving amyloid clearance would indicate TREM2 acts upstream of tau spread rather than as a general neuroprotective hub ^[4].
Rescue arm: Restoration of TREM2 signaling in TREM2-deficient animals should recover microglial plaque encasement capacity and reverse A1 astrocyte transformation. Absence of rescue in the astrocyte compartment, despite microglial recovery, would falsify the crosstalk model as the primary mechanism ^[1].
Negative controls and null thresholds: Pre-registered thresholds for sTREM2, YKL-40, and phospho-tau changes should be specified. An intervention that moves sTREM2 without changing downstream inflammatory or tau markers should be scored as target engagement without pathway engagement—a mechanistic miss.
Human tissue validation: DAM signatures and astrocyte reactive states should be confirmed in post-mortem human tissue or iPSC-derived co-culture systems before concluding that rodent findings translate ^[3]. The HuZIBRA xenotransplantation model, in which human iPSC-derived microglia-like cells are introduced into developing zebrafish brain, offers a scalable in vivo platform for testing human microglial efferocytosis and lipid processing under genetic manipulation ^[12].

Decision-Oriented Summary

The operational claim is that enhancing TREM2 signaling in amyloid-positive neurodegeneration can redirect microglial state from inflammatory to disease-associated-clearance phenotypes, secondarily preventing pathological astrocyte conversion and its downstream synaptic and metabolic consequences. Supporting evidence is strongest in amyloid models ^[1] ^[2] ^[5] and weakest in pure tauopathy contexts, where TREM2 loss can be neuroprotective ^[8]. Translational success depends on selecting amyloid-positive, TREM2-variant-enriched patients, confirming that the astrocyte crosstalk mechanism operates in human tissue rather than only in rodent models, and demonstrating that downstream tau and synaptic biomarkers move concordantly with proximal sTREM2 pharmacodynamics. A biomarker profile in which sTREM2 rises but phospho-tau and neurofilament light chain do not improve after 12 months should trigger repricing of the hypothesis toward a narrower or earlier intervention window.

🧬 Mechanism

🧬 Curated Mechanism Pathway

Curated pathway from expert analysis

flowchart TD
    subgraph Genetics["Genetic Risk"]
        A1["TREM2 R47H Variant<br/>3x AD Risk"] --> A2["Impaired Ligand Binding<br/>(Abeta, ApoE, PS)"]
        A3["TREM2 R62H Variant<br/>2x AD Risk"] --> A4["Reduced Surface Expression"]
        A5["TREM2 H157Y<br/>Increased Shedding"] --> A6["Elevated sTREM2"]
    end

    subgraph Signaling["TREM2 Signaling Cascade"]
        B1["TREM2 + DAP12/TYROBP"] --> B2["ITAM Phosphorylation"]
        B2 --> B3["SYK Kinase Activation"]
        B3 --> B4["PI3K/AKT Pathway"]
        B3 --> B5["PLCgamma2/Ca2+ Flux"]
        B4 --> B6["mTOR -> Metabolic Reprogramming"]
        B4 --> B7["NF-kappaB Modulation"]
        B5 --> B8["NFAT Translocation"]
    end

    subgraph Microglial["Microglial States"]
        C1["Homeostatic Microglia<br/>(P2RY12+, CX3CR1+)"]
        C2["Disease-Associated Microglia<br/>(DAM Stage 1)"]
        C3["DAM Stage 2<br/>(TREM2-dependent)"]
        C4["Senescent Microglia<br/>(p16+, p21+, SA-beta-gal+)"]
        C1 -->|"Abeta sensing"| C2
        C2 -->|"TREM2 signal"| C3
        C2 -->|"chronic stress"| C4
    end

    subgraph Senescence["Senescence Program"]
        D1["DNA Damage Response<br/>(ATM/ATR)"] --> D2["p53 Stabilization"]
        D2 --> D3["p21/CDKN1A Upregulation"]
        D3 --> D4["Cell Cycle Arrest"]
        D4 --> D5["SASP Activation"]
        D5 --> D6["IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha<br/>MMP3, MMP9"]
        D5 --> D7["Extracellular Vesicles<br/>(pro-inflammatory cargo)"]
    end

    subgraph Pathology["Downstream Pathology"]
        E1["Impaired Abeta Clearance"]
        E2["Tau Propagation"]
        E3["Synaptic Loss"]
        E4["BBB Dysfunction"]
        E1 --> E5["Plaque Accumulation"]
        E2 --> E6["Tangle Formation"]
        E3 --> E7["Cognitive Decline"]
        E4 --> E7
        E5 --> E7
        E6 --> E7
    end

    subgraph Therapy["Therapeutic Strategy"]
        F1["TREM2 Agonist Antibodies<br/>(AL002/Latozinemab)"]
        F2["Senolytic Drugs<br/>(Dasatinib + Quercetin)"]
        F3["SASP Inhibitors<br/>(Rapamycin, Ruxolitinib)"]
    end

    A2 --> B1
    A4 --> B1
    B6 --> C3
    C3 -->|"sustained activation"| D1
    C4 --> D5
    D6 --> E1
    D6 --> E2
    D6 --> E3
    D6 --> E4

    F1 -.->|"restore"| B1
    F1 -.->|"promote"| C3
    F2 -.->|"clear"| C4
    F3 -.->|"block"| D5

    style A1 fill:#ce93d8,color:#000
    style A3 fill:#ce93d8,color:#000
    style A5 fill:#ce93d8,color:#000
    style C3 fill:#4fc3f7,color:#000
    style C4 fill:#ffd54f,color:#000
    style D5 fill:#ff8a65,color:#000
    style E7 fill:#ef5350,color:#fff
    style F1 fill:#81c784,color:#000
    style F2 fill:#81c784,color:#000
    style F3 fill:#81c784,color:#000

⚖️ Evidence

⚖️ Evidence Matrix35 supports18 contradicts

Supports

Sleep deprivation exacerbates microglial reactivity and Aβ deposition in a TREM2-dependent manner in mice.

Sci Transl Med2023PMID:37099634medium

Abstract

Sleep loss is associated with cognitive decline in the aging population and is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the crucial role of immunomodulating genes such as that encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells type 2 (TREM2) in removing pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and regulating neurodegeneration in the brain, our aim was to investigate whether and how sleep loss influences microglial function in mice. We chronically sleep-deprived wild-type mice an

Supports

Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics reveal TREM2-dependent and TREM2-independent cellular responses in Alzheimer's disease.

Nat Med2020PMID:31932797medium

Abstract

Glia have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Variants of the microglia receptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase AD risk, and activation of disease-associated microglia (DAM) is dependent on TREM2 in mouse models of AD. We surveyed gene-expression changes associated with AD pathology and TREM2 in 5XFAD mice and in human AD by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. We confirmed the presence of Trem2-dependent DAM and identified a previously undiscov

Supports

TREM2 drives microglia response to amyloid-β via SYK-dependent and -independent pathways.

Cell2022PMID:36306735medium

Abstract

Genetic studies have highlighted microglia as pivotal in orchestrating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia that adhere to Aβ plaques acquire a transcriptional signature, "disease-associated microglia" (DAM), which largely emanates from the TREM2-DAP12 receptor complex that transmits intracellular signals through the protein tyrosine kinase SYK. The human TREM2R47H variant associated with high AD risk fails to activate microglia via SYK. We found that SYK-deficient microglia cannot encase Aβ plaq

Supports

TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer's Disease.

Cell2017PMID:28802038medium

Abstract

Elevated risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hypomorphic variants of TREM2, a surface receptor required for microglial responses to neurodegeneration, including proliferation, survival, clustering, and phagocytosis. How TREM2 promotes such diverse responses is unknown. Here, we find that microglia in AD patients carrying TREM2 risk variants and TREM2-deficient mice with AD-like pathology have abundant autophagic vesicles, as do TREM2-deficient macrophages under growth-

Supports

Explores genetic variations linked to neurodegenerative disease proteins, potentially supporting the TREM2-dependent senescence hypothesis.

medRxiv2026PMID:41757182

Supports

Investigates gene editing technologies for Alzheimer's disease, which could relate to modulating TREM2 signaling in microglial aging.

Curr Aging Sci2026PMID:41926312

Supports

Directly studies the microglial TREM2 receptor's role in brain development, supporting its functional significance.

Brain Behav Immun2026PMID:41887542

Supports

Examines phagocyte mechanisms in amyloid generation, which relates to microglial function proposed in the TREM2 senescence hypothesis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2026PMID:41770935

Supports

Explores microglial neuroprotective responses, which aligns with TREM2 signaling mechanisms.

Signal Transduct Target Ther2026PMID:41881962

Supports

Investigates signaling pathways related to genetic resilience in Alzheimer's disease, potentially supporting TREM2 mechanisms.

Mol Neurodegener2026PMID:41888907

Supports

Alzheimer's disease-linked risk alleles elevate microglial cGAS-associated senescence and neurodegeneration in a tauopathy model.

Neuron2024PMID:39353433high

Abstract

The strongest risk factors for late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) include the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE), the R47H variant of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and female sex. Here, we combine APOE4 and TREM2

Supports

Microglia in neurodegeneration.

Nat Neurosci2018PMID:30258234high

Abstract

The neuroimmune system is involved in development, normal functioning, aging, and injury of the central nervous system. Microglia, first described a century ago, are the main neuroimmune cells and have three essential functions: a sentinel function involved in constant sensing of changes in their environment, a housekeeping function that promotes neuronal well-being and normal operation, and a def

Supports

TREM2 receptor protects against complement-mediated synaptic loss by binding to complement C1q during neurodegeneration.

Immunity2023PMID:37442133medium

Abstract

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but its functions are not fully understood. Here, we found that TREM2 specifically attenuated the activation of classical complement cascade via high-affinity binding to its initiator C1q. In the human AD brains, the formation of TREM2-C1q complexes was detected, and the increased density

Supports

TREM2 and sTREM2 in Alzheimer's disease: from mechanisms to therapies.

Mol Neurodegener2025PMID:40247363medium

Abstract

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain. Recent studies have established TREM2 as a central immune signaling hub in neurodegeneration, where it triggers immune responses upon sensing pathological development and tissue damages. TREM2 binds diverse ligands and activates downstream pathways that regulate

Supports

Soluble TREM2 ameliorates tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits through activating transgelin-2 in Alzheimer's disease.

Nat Commun2023PMID:37865646medium

Abstract

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein that is predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain. The proteolytic shedding of TREM2 results in the release of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), which is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It remains unknown whether sTREM2 regulates the pathogenesis of AD. Here we identifi

Supports

Preclinical and first-in-human evaluation of AL002, a novel TREM2 agonistic antibody for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimers Res Ther2024PMID:39444037medium

Abstract

Variants of the gene triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Signaling by TREM2, an innate immune receptor expressed by microglia, is thought to enhance phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) and other damaged proteins, promote microglial proliferation, migration, and survival, and regulate inflammator

Supports

Identification of senescent, TREM2-expressing microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease model mouse brain.

Nat Neurosci2024PMID:38637622high

Abstract

1. Nat Neurosci. 2024 Jun;27(6):1116-1124. doi: 10.1038/s41593-024-01620-8. Epub 2024 Apr 18. Identification of senescent, TREM2-expressing microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease model mouse brain. Rachmian N(1)(2), Medina S(#)(2), Cherqui U(#)(1), Akiva H(#)(1), Deitch D(2), Edilbi D(1), Croese T(2), Salame TM(3), Ramos JMP(2), Cahalon L(2), Krizhanovsky V(4), Schwartz M(5). Author information: (1)Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. (2)Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. (3)Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. (4)Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. valery.krizhanovsky@weizm

Supports

White matter aging drives microglial diversity.

Neuron2021PMID:33606969medium

Abstract

1. Neuron. 2021 Apr 7;109(7):1100-1117.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.027. Epub 2021 Feb 18. White matter aging drives microglial diversity. Safaiyan S(1), Besson-Girard S(2), Kaya T(3), Cantuti-Castelvetri L(1), Liu L(2), Ji H(2), Schifferer M(4), Gouna G(1), Usifo F(2), Kannaiyan N(5), Fitzner D(6), Xiang X(7), Rossner MJ(5), Brendel M(8), Gokce O(9), Simons M(10). Author information: (1)Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany. (2)Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany. (3)Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurode

Supports

Effects of Fisetin Treatment on Cellular Senescence of Various Tissues and Organs of Old Sheep.

Antioxidants (Basel)2023PMID:37627641high

Abstract

1. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Aug 21;12(8):1646. doi: 10.3390/antiox12081646. Effects of Fisetin Treatment on Cellular Senescence of Various Tissues and Organs of Old Sheep. Huard CA(1), Gao X(1), Dey Hazra ME(1)(2), Dey Hazra RO(1)(2)(3), Lebsock K(4), Easley JT(4), Millett PJ(1)(2), Huard J(1). Author information: (1)Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA. (2)The Steadman Clinic, Vail, CO 81657, USA. (3)Department for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charite-University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 14195 Berlin, Germany. (4)Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinica

Supports

Roflumilast Attenuates Microglial Senescence and Retinal Inflammatory Neurodegeneration Post Retinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2024PMID:39446353high

Abstract

1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024 Oct 1;65(12):38. doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.12.38. Roflumilast Attenuates Microglial Senescence and Retinal Inflammatory Neurodegeneration Post Retinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome. Ou C(1)(2), Lin Y(3), Wen J(4), Zhang H(3), Xu Y(5), Zhang N(3), Liu Q(3), Wu Y(3), Xu J(3), Wu J(1). Author information: (1)Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. (2)Department of General Practice, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China. (3)Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. (4)Department of Ophthalmology, Taizhou Central Hospital, T

Supports

Whole-body senescent cell clearance alleviates age-related brain inflammation and cognitive impairment in mice.

Aging Cell2021PMID:33470505high

Abstract

1. Aging Cell. 2021 Feb;20(2):e13296. doi: 10.1111/acel.13296. Epub 2021 Jan 20. Whole-body senescent cell clearance alleviates age-related brain inflammation and cognitive impairment in mice. Ogrodnik M(1)(2), Evans SA(3), Fielder E(4), Victorelli S(1), Kruger P(1), Salmonowicz H(1), Weigand BM(1)(2), Patel AD(1), Pirtskhalava T(2), Inman CL(2), Johnson KO(2), Dickinson SL(4), Rocha A(3), Schafer MJ(2), Zhu Y(2), Allison DB(4), von Zglinicki T(5), LeBrasseur NK(2), Tchkonia T(2), Neretti N(3), Passos JF(1)(2), Kirkland JL(1)(2), Jurk D(1)(2). Author information: (1)Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. (2)Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. (3)Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Bi

Supports

Cisplatin and methotrexate induce brain microvascular endothelial and microglial senescence in mouse models of chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment.

Geroscience2025PMID:39976845high

Abstract

1. Geroscience. 2025 Jun;47(3):3447-3459. doi: 10.1007/s11357-025-01560-6. Epub 2025 Feb 20. Cisplatin and methotrexate induce brain microvascular endothelial and microglial senescence in mouse models of chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment. Csik B(#)(1)(2)(3)(4), Vali Kordestan K(#)(1)(2), Gulej R(#)(1)(2)(4), Patai R(1)(2)(3), Nyul-Toth A(1)(2)(3), Shanmugarama S(1)(2)(3), Mukli P(1)(2)(3)(4), Ungvari A(5), Balsara KE(1), McNall RY(6), Razzaghi T(7), Tarantini S(1)(2)(3)(8)(9), Yabluchanskiy A(1)(2)(3)(8)(9), Ungvari Z(1)(2)(3)(8)(9), Csiszar A(1)(2)(6)(10). Author information: (1)Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. (2)Oklahom

Supports

Prematurely Aged Human Microglia Exhibit Impaired Stress Response and Defective Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of ALS Associated FUS.

Aging Cell2025PMID:40970514medium

Abstract

1. Aging Cell. 2025 Nov;24(11):e70232. doi: 10.1111/acel.70232. Epub 2025 Sep 19. Prematurely Aged Human Microglia Exhibit Impaired Stress Response and Defective Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of ALS Associated FUS. Hartmann C(1), Haß C(1), Knobloch M(1), Barrantes I(2), Fumagalli L(3)(4), Premereur J(3)(4), Markert F(5), Peters M(1), Koromila G(1), Hartmann A(6), Jäger K(6), Abel J(1), Mancuso R(3)(4), Storch A(5)(7)(8), Walter M(6), Fuellen G(2), Hermann A(1)(7)(8). Author information: (1)Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany. (2)Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Aging Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany. (3)Department of Biomedical S

Supports

Disentangling causality in brain aging: The complex interplay between glial senescence, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.

Exp Neurol2026PMID:41871753high

Abstract

1. Exp Neurol. 2026 Mar 21;401:115737. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.115737. Online ahead of print. Disentangling causality in brain aging: The complex interplay between glial senescence, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Suk K(1). Author information: (1)Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ksuk@knu.ac.kr. The aging brain is characterized by accumulation of senescent glia, chronic neuroinflammation, and vulnerability to neurode

Supports

A tetravalent TREM2 agonistic antibody reduced amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Sci Transl Med2022PMID:36070367high

Abstract

1. Sci Transl Med. 2022 Sep 7;14(661):eabq0095. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq0095. Epub 2022 Sep 7. A tetravalent TREM2 agonistic antibody reduced amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Zhao P(1), Xu Y(2), Jiang L(3), Fan X(1), Li L(1), Li X(1), Arase H(4), Zhao Y(5), Cao W(6), Zheng H(7), Xu H(8)(9), Tong Q(2), Zhang N(1), An Z(1). Author information: (1)Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (2)Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (3)Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Instit

Supports

Adult-onset CNS myelin sulfatide deficiency is sufficient to cause Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment.

Mol Neurodegener2021PMID:34526055medium

Abstract

1. Mol Neurodegener. 2021 Sep 15;16(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00488-7. Adult-onset CNS myelin sulfatide deficiency is sufficient to cause Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Qiu S(#)(1), Palavicini JP(#)(1)(2), Wang J(1)(3), Gonzalez NS(1), He S(1), Dustin E(4), Zou C(5), Ding L(1)(6), Bhattacharjee A(1), Van Skike CE(1)(7), Galvan V(1)(7), Dupree JL(4)(8), Han X(9)(10). Author information: (1)Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. (2)Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. (3)Present Address: State Key Lab. of Environmental & Bio

Supports

Rescue of a lysosomal storage disorder caused by Grn loss of function with a brain penetrant progranulin biologic.

Cell2021PMID:34450028medium

Abstract

1. Cell. 2021 Sep 2;184(18):4651-4668.e25. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.002. Epub 2021 Aug 26. Rescue of a lysosomal storage disorder caused by Grn loss of function with a brain penetrant progranulin biologic. Logan T(1), Simon MJ(1), Rana A(1), Cherf GM(1), Srivastava A(1), Davis SS(1), Low RLY(1), Chiu CL(1), Fang M(1), Huang F(1), Bhalla A(1), Llapashtica C(1), Prorok R(1), Pizzo ME(1), Calvert MEK(1), Sun EW(1), Hsiao-Nakamoto J(1), Rajendra Y(1), Lexa KW(1), Srivastava DB(1), van Lengerich B(1), Wang J(1), Robles-Colmenares Y(1), Kim DJ(1), Duque J(1), Lenser M(1), Earr TK(1), Nguyen H(1), Chau R(1), Tsogtbaatar B(1), Ravi R(1), Skuja LL(1), Solanoy H(1), Rosen HJ(2), Boeve BF(3), Boxer AL(2), Heuer HW(2), Dennis MS(1), Kariolis MS(1), Monroe KM(1), Przybyla L(1), Sanchez PE

Supports

CD300f immune receptor contributes to healthy aging by regulating inflammaging, metabolism, and cognitive decline.

Cell Rep2023PMID:37864797medium

Abstract

1. Cell Rep. 2023 Oct 31;42(10):113269. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113269. CD300f immune receptor contributes to healthy aging by regulating inflammaging, metabolism, and cognitive decline. Evans F(1), Alí-Ruiz D(2), Rego N(3), Negro-Demontel ML(1), Lago N(2), Cawen FA(2), Pannunzio B(1), Sanchez-Molina P(4), Reyes L(5), Paolino A(5), Rodríguez-Duarte J(6), Pérez-Torrado V(7), Chicote-González A(8), Quijano C(9), Marmisolle I(9), Mulet AP(10), Schlapp G(10), Meikle MN(10), Bresque M(7), Crispo M(10), Savio E(5), Malagelada C(8), Escande C(7), Peluffo H(11). Author information: (1)Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay; Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay. (2)Neuroinfla

Supports

Brain aging mechanisms with mechanical manifestations.

Mech Ageing Dev2021PMID:34600936medium

Abstract

1. Mech Ageing Dev. 2021 Dec;200:111575. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111575. Epub 2021 Oct 1. Brain aging mechanisms with mechanical manifestations. Blinkouskaya Y(1), Caçoilo A(1), Gollamudi T(2), Jalalian S(1), Weickenmeier J(3). Author information: (1)Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States. (2)Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States. (3)Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States. Electronic address: johannes.weickenmeier@stevens.edu. Brain aging is a complex process that affects everything from the subcellular to the organ level, begins early in life, and accelerates with age. Morphologically

Supports

Effect of peripheral cellular senescence on brain aging and cognitive decline.

Aging Cell2023PMID:36959691high

Abstract

1. Aging Cell. 2023 May;22(5):e13817. doi: 10.1111/acel.13817. Epub 2023 Mar 23. Effect of peripheral cellular senescence on brain aging and cognitive decline. Budamagunta V(1)(2)(3), Kumar A(1), Rani A(1), Bean L(1), Manohar-Sindhu S(2), Yang Y(3)(4), Zhou D(4), Foster TC(1)(2). Author information: (1)Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. (2)Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. (3)Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. (4)Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA. We examine similar and diff

Contradicts

Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.

J Inflamm Res2022PMID:35642214medium

Abstract

Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, microglia play an important role in the monitoring and intervention of synaptic and neuron-level activities. Interventions targeting microglia have been shown to improve the prognosis of various neurological diseases. Recently, studies have observed the activation of microglia in different cardiovascular diseases. In addition, different approaches that regulate the activity of microglia have been shown to

Contradicts

TREM2, microglia, and Alzheimer's disease.

Mech Ageing Dev2021PMID:33516818medium

Abstract

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been suggested to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as revealed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Since then, rapidly increasing literature related to TREM2 has focused on elucidating its role in AD pathology. In this review, we summarize our understanding of TREM2 biology, explore TREM2 functions in microglia, address the multiple mechanisms of TREM2 in AD, and raise key questions for further inves

Contradicts

Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads.

Neuron2022PMID:36327895medium

Abstract

Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." This dualistic classification of good or bad microglia is inconsistent with the wide repertoire of microglial states and functions in development, plasticity, aging, and diseases that were elucidated in recent years. New designations continuously arising in an attempt to describe the different microglial states, notably

Contradicts

TREM2 deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation and protects against neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2017PMID:29073081medium

Abstract

Variants in the gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) were recently found to increase the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brain, TREM2 is predominately expressed on microglia, and its association with AD adds to increasing evidence implicating a role for the innate immune system in AD initiation and progression. Thus far, studies have found

Contradicts

Trem2 restrains the enhancement of tau accumulation and neurodegeneration by β-amyloid pathology.

Neuron2021PMID:33675684medium

Abstract

Loss-of-function TREM2 mutations strongly increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Trem2 deletion has revealed protective Trem2 functions in preclinical models of β-amyloidosis, a prominent feature of pre-diagnosis AD stages. How TREM2 influences later AD stages characterized by tau-mediated neurodegeneration is unclear. To understand Trem2 function in the context of both β-amyloid and tau patholog

Contradicts

SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease.

Cell2022PMID:36257314medium

Abstract

Recent studies have begun to reveal critical roles for the brain's professional phagocytes, microglia, and their receptors in the control of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and myelin debris accumulation in neurodegenerative disease. However, the critical intracellular molecules that orchestrate neuroprotective functions of microglia remain poorly understood. In our studies, we find that targeted del

Contradicts

Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of OABL, a sesquiterpene lactone in 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mice model.

Redox Biol2022PMID:35026701medium

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were demonstrated to be associated with neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. However, there are still no specific treatments that can prevent the progression of AD. In this study, a screening of anti-inflammatory hits from 4207 natural compounds of two different molecular libraries indicated 1,

Contradicts

Glial reactivity correlates with synaptic dysfunction across aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Nat Commun2025PMID:40593718medium

Abstract

Previous studies suggest glial and neuronal changes may trigger synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the link between their markers and synaptic abnormalities in the living brain remains unclear. We investigated the association between glial reactivity and synaptic dysfunction biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 478 individuals in cognitively unimpaired (CU) and cognitive

Contradicts

Sulfatide deficiency-induced astrogliosis and myelin lipid dyshomeostasis are independent of TREM2-mediated microglial activation.

Nat Commun2026PMID:41513633medium

Abstract

Disrupted lipid homeostasis and neuroinflammation often co-exist in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the intrinsic connection and causal relationship between these deficits remain elusive. Our previous studies show that the loss of sulfatide (ST), a class of myelin-enriched lipids, causes AD-like neuroinflammatory responses, cognitive impairment, bladder en

Contradicts

cGAS-STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration.

Nature2023PMID:37532932medium

Abstract

Low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of old age and a central driver of ageing-associated impairment and disease

Contradicts

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Microglia throughout the Mouse Lifespan and in the Injured Brain Reveals Complex Cell-State Changes.

Immunity2019PMID:30471926medium

Abstract

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, rapidly change states in response to their environment, but we lack molecular and functional signatures of different microglial populations. Here, we analyzed the RNA expression patterns of more than 76,000 individual microglia in mice during development, in old age, and after brain injury. Our analysis uncovered at least nine transcriptionally di

Contradicts

Lectins and neurodegeneration: A glycobiologist's perspective.

Adv Clin Exp Med2025PMID:40405515medium

Abstract

1. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2025 May;34(5):673-679. doi: 10.17219/acem/204107. Lectins and neurodegeneration: A glycobiologist's perspective. Olejnik B(1), Ferens-Sieczkowska M(1). Author information: (1)Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, affect an increasing number of people in aging societies, dramatically reducing the quality of life of those affected. Hence, intensive research efforts are aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of the disease progress, with the hope for developing effective therapeutic strategies. The progress of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with a complex activity of the immune system in the brain tissue. Carbohydrate-bind

Contradicts

Effect of aging on biomarkers and clinical profile in Parkinson's disease.

J Neurol2025PMID:40991070medium

Abstract

1. J Neurol. 2025 Sep 24;272(10):651. doi: 10.1007/s00415-025-13384-7. Effect of aging on biomarkers and clinical profile in Parkinson's disease. Di Lazzaro G(1)(2), Paolini Paoletti F(3), Bellomo G(3), Schirinzi T(4), Grillo P(5)(6), Giuffrè GM(7)(8), Petracca M(7)(8), Picca A(7)(9), Mercuri NB(4), Parnetti L(3), Calabresi P(7)(8), Bentivoglio AR(7)(8). Author information: (1)Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. giulia.dilazzaro@policlinicogemelli.it. (2)Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. giulia.dilazzaro@policlinicogemelli.it. (3)Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. (4)Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medi

Contradicts

Regulation of TREM2 expression by transcription factor YY1 and its protective effect against Alzheimer's disease.

J Biol Chem2023PMID:37044212medium

Abstract

1. J Biol Chem. 2023 May;299(5):104688. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104688. Epub 2023 Apr 11. Regulation of TREM2 expression by transcription factor YY1 and its protective effect against Alzheimer's disease. Lu Y(1), Huang X(1), Liang W(1), Li Y(1), Xing M(2), Pan W(2), Zhang Y(1), Wang Z(3), Song W(4). Author information: (1)The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. (2)Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou,

Contradicts

Microglia in Brain Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Friends or Foes?

Int J Mol Sci2025PMID:41373648medium

Abstract

1. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Nov 27;26(23):11494. doi: 10.3390/ijms262311494. Microglia in Brain Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Friends or Foes? Ishikawa K(1), Fujikawa R(1), Okita K(1), Kimura F(1), Watanabe T(1), Katsurabayashi S(1), Iwasaki K(1). Author information: (1)Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. With the global rise in population aging, establishing effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their prodromal stage of cognitive frailty, has become an urgent challenge. Recent studies have revealed that the neural basis of both frailty and age-related disorders is closely associated with chronic neuroinflammat

Contradicts

Rejuvenating aged microglia by p16(ink4a)-siRNA-loaded nanoparticles increases amyloid-β clearance in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.

Mol Neurodegener2024PMID:38493185medium

Abstract

1. Mol Neurodegener. 2024 Mar 16;19(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13024-024-00715-x. Rejuvenating aged microglia by p16(ink4a)-siRNA-loaded nanoparticles increases amyloid-β clearance in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Shin HJ(1)(2), Kim IS(3)(4), Choi SG(1)(2), Lee K(1)(3)(5), Park H(1)(3), Shin J(1)(3), Kim D(1), Beom J(5), Yi YY(6), Gupta DP(7), Song GJ(7)(8), Chung WS(9), Lee CJ(10)(11), Kim DW(12)(13)(14)(15). Author information: (1)Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. (2)Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. (3)Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. (4)Department o

Contradicts

Microglial Replacement Reverses Age-Associated Epigenetic Modifications Despite Accelerating Epigenetic Age.

Aging Dis2025PMID:41135104medium

Abstract

1. Aging Dis. 2025 Oct 22. doi: 10.14336/AD.2025.1066. Online ahead of print. Microglial Replacement Reverses Age-Associated Epigenetic Modifications Despite Accelerating Epigenetic Age. Arbaizar-Rovirosa M(1)(2), Pérez RF(3), Peñarroya A(4)(5)(6)(7), Gallizioli M(1), Fraga MF(8)(4)(5)(9)(10), Planas AM(1)(2). Author information: (1)Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones. (2)Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. (3)Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. (4)Cancer Epigenetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centro de Investi

Contradicts

Microglial aging in the healthy CNS: phenotypes, drivers, and rejuvenation.

Front Cell Neurosci2013PMID:23493481medium

Abstract

1. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013 Mar 13;7:22. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00022. eCollection 2013. Microglial aging in the healthy CNS: phenotypes, drivers, and rejuvenation. Wong WT(1). Author information: (1)Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), share two characteristics in common: (1) a disease prevalence that increases markedly with advancing age, and (2) neuroinflammatory changes in which microglia, the primary resident immune cell of the CNS, feature prominently. These characteristics have led to the hypothesis that pathogenic mechanisms underlying age-related neurodegenerati

📖 Linked Papers

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📙 Related Wiki Pages (3)

Composite Claim: Astrocyte and Glymphaticonvergence_synthesis Composite Claim: Neuroinflammation as a convergence_synthesis Composite Claim: TREM2 Links Microglial convergence_synthesis

🏥 Translation

🧬 3D Protein Structure — TREM2

🧬 PDB 6YXY Click to expand

Experimental structure from RCSB PDB | Powered by Mol*

🧠 GTEx v10 Brain ExpressionJSON

Median TPM across 13 brain regions for TREM2 from GTEx v10.

💉 Clinical Trials (5)Relevance: 26%

0
Active

0
Completed

1,820
Total Enrolled

NA
Highest Phase

The Signature of Alzheimer's Disease in Subjective Cognitive DeclineUnknown

RECRUITING·NCT07402161 · IRCCS Policlinico S. Donato

250 enrolled · 2025-10-01 · → 2027-10-01

This study focuses on improving early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a preclinical stage of cognitive impairment, in the context of emerging

Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCCs) Subjective Cognitive Impairment

Activity of Cerebral Networks, Amyloid and Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's DiseaseUnknown

COMPLETED·NCT06224920 · Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich

140 enrolled · 2017-01-01 · → 2024-01-01

The temporal sequence of microglial activation, changes in functional and structural connectivity and the progression of neurocognitive deficits has not been conclusively clarified. To date, there hav

Alzheimer Disease Corticobasal Syndrome

magnetic resonance imaging electroencephalography blood and CSF biomarker

Neurofilament Light Chain And Voice Acoustic Analyses In Dementia DiagnosisUnknown

RECRUITING·NCT06339190 · Monash University

1,000 enrolled · 2021-08-01 · → 2025-12

This cohort study aims to determine if a blood test can aid with diagnosing dementia in anyone presenting with cognitive complaints to a single healthcare network. The investigators will measure level

Neurodegenerative Diseases Dementia

Venepuncture

Physical Activity in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: a "Disease Modifying" Intervention?NA

TERMINATED·NCT05815524 · Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS

30 enrolled · 2022-05-02 · → 2024-12-31

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigors, and tremor at rest. Distinctive neuropathological signs include progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons

Parkinson Disease

Physical activity training

Clinical, Molecular and Electrophysiological Profiling of Parkinson's Disease: the Role of Non-pharmacological TherapiesNA

UNKNOWN·NCT05807581 · Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS

400 enrolled · 2023-06-09 · → 2025-05-30

In Parkinson's disease (PD), direct evidence linking inflammation to the harmful activities of alpha-synuclein (a-syn) aggregates, the disease onset, and its progression is still lacking. This transla

Parkinson Disease

physical activity iTBS

No curated ClinVar variants loaded for this hypothesis.

Run scripts/backfill_clinvar_variants.py to fetch P/LP/VUS variants.

🔍 Search ClinVar for TREM2 →

No DepMap CRISPR Chronos data found for TREM2.

Run python3 scripts/backfill_hypothesis_depmap.py to populate.

💰 Estimated Development

Cost

$0

Timeline

2.0 years

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📊 Market Indicators

7d Trend

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▼ 3.5%

Volatility

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Events (7d)

6

Price History

▼36.5%

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LLM Tokens

18,818

$0.1129

Total Cost

$0.1129

🔮 Predictions

🔎 Predictions vs Observations1 predictions · 0 with recorded observations

Prediction	Predicted	Observed	Status	Conf
If hypothesis is true, intervention targeting TREM2 will achieve: TREM2 agonism or modulation reduces microglial dysregulation, decreases neurodegeneration markers, and improves cognitive outcomes in	TREM2 agonism or modulation reduces microglial dysregulation, decreases neurodegeneration markers, and improves cognitive outcomes in animal models or human iPS	— no observation —	pending	0.89

🔮 Falsifiable Predictions (1)

pendingconf 89%

If hypothesis is true, intervention targeting TREM2 will achieve: TREM2 agonism or modulation reduces microglial dysregulation, decreases neurodegeneration markers, and improves cognitive outcomes in animal models or human iPSC systems within 12-24 months

Predicted outcome: TREM2 agonism or modulation reduces microglial dysregulation, decreases neurodegeneration markers, and improves cognitive outcomes in animal models or

Falsification: TREM2 agonism fails to reduce neurodegeneration markers or improve cognitive outcomes in validated models

📖 References (12)

TREM2 drives microglia response to amyloid-β via SYK-dependent and -independent pathways.
Wang S et al.. Cell (2022)
PubMed↗DOI↗
TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer's Disease.
Ulland TK et al.. Cell (2017)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics reveal TREM2-dependent and TREM2-independent cellular responses in Alzheimer's disease.
Zhou Y et al.. Nat Med (2020)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Trem2 restrains the enhancement of tau accumulation and neurodegeneration by β-amyloid pathology.
["Lee Seung-Hye" et al.. Neuron (2021)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Sleep deprivation exacerbates microglial reactivity and Aβ deposition in a TREM2-dependent manner in mice.
Parhizkar S et al.. Science translational medicine (2023)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Human CSF proteogenomics links genetic variation to neurodegenerative disease proteins.
["Puerta R" et al.. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences (2026)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Investigating the Potential of Gene Editing Technologies in Enhancing Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
["Mehrabadi S"]. Current aging science (2026)
PubMed↗DOI↗
TREM2 deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation and protects against neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2018)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads.
Paolicelli RC et al.. Neuron (2022)
PubMed↗DOI↗
Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.
Wang M et al.. J Inflamm Res (2022)
PubMed↗DOI↗
TREM2, microglia, and Alzheimer's disease.
Qin Q et al.. Mech Ageing Dev (2021)
PubMed↗DOI↗
A scalable human-zebrafish xenotransplantation model reveals gastrosome-mediated processing of dying neurons by human microglia.
Villani A et al.. Commun Biol (2026)
PubMed↗DOI↗

▸Metadatasource: v1_phase_c_backfill · origin_type: gap_debate

source	v1_phase_c_backfill
origin_type	gap_debate
_schema_version	1

📊 Evidence Profile

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+0%

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Composite		89%
Mech.		88%
Evidence		75%
Novelty		72%
Feasibility		68%
Impact		82%
Druggability		45%
Safety		65%
Competition		58%
Data avail.		78%
Reproducibility		71%

📗 Cite This Artifact

TREM2-Mediated Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk in Neurodegeneration

🧪 Overview

Mechanistic Overview

Mechanistic Overview

Molecular and Cellular Rationale

Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis

Contradictory Evidence, Caveats, and Failure Modes

Clinical and Translational Relevance

Experimental Predictions and Validation Strategy

Decision-Oriented Summary

🧬 Mechanism

⚖️ Evidence

🏥 Translation

🧬 3D Protein Structure — TREM2

💉 Clinical Trials (5)Relevance: 26%

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📖 References (12)

🧬 Related Hypotheses — same target / disease (20)

💬 Discussion

📗 Cite This Artifact

TREM2-Mediated Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk in Neurodegeneration

🧪 Overview

Mechanistic Overview

Mechanistic Overview

Molecular and Cellular Rationale

Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis

Contradictory Evidence, Caveats, and Failure Modes

Clinical and Translational Relevance

Experimental Predictions and Validation Strategy

Decision-Oriented Summary

🧬 Mechanism

⚖️ Evidence

🏥 Translation

🧬 3D Protein Structure — TREM2

💉 Clinical Trials (5)Relevance: 26%

🏆 Tournament

🏆 Arenas / Elo

📊 Market Indicators

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🧭 Related

activates (2)

associated with (3)

causes (5)

causes (27-hydroxycholesterol promotes oligodendrocyte mat) (1)

causes (APP overexpression causes selective vulnerability ) (1)

causes (CXCL10 acts as chemokine to recruit cytotoxic CD8+) (1)

causes (CXCL10 antagonists would preserve white matter int) (1)

causes (NAD+ supplementation improves mitophagy and mitoch) (1)

causes (STING activation leads to cellular senescence and ) (1)

causes (age-related activation of cGAS-STING drives microg) (1)

causes (age-related cytokine secretion specifically suppre) (1)

causes (age-related downregulation of AP1S1 disrupts clath) (1)

causes (aging activation of microglia leads to increased C) (1)

causes (aging causes early transcriptomic changes in oligo) (1)

causes (aging mitochondrial dysfunction triggers STING pat) (1)

causes (creates a feed-forward loop of neuroinflammation l) (1)

causes (disrupted cytoskeletal checkpoints lead to prematu) (1)

causes (disrupted endosomal-lysosomal trafficking creates ) (1)

causes (dysregulated microglial transitions fail to suppor) (1)

causes (early proteasome downregulation and dysfunction dr) (1)

causes (enhanced ACE expression in microglia increases Aβ ) (1)

causes (iron-dependent ferroptosis contributes to α-synucl) (1)

causes (loss of sulfatides removes suppression of microgli) (1)

causes (microglia activate CXCL10-mediated recruitment of ) (1)

causes (microglial ACE enhancement activates spleen tyrosi) (1)

causes (microglial activation orchestrates CXCL10-mediated) (1)

causes (proteostasis failure leads to protein aggregation ) (1)

causes (recruited CD8+ T cells promote aging-related white) (1)

causes (recruited CD8+ T cells promote white matter degene) (1)

causes (senescence creates a self-perpetuating cycle by pr) (1)

causes (suppressed mitochondrial function creates vulnerab) (1)

causes (tau aggregation triggers cellular senescence respo) (1)

implicated in (7)

inhibits (1)

investigated in (1)

regulates (1)

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