Biomarkers

Biomarkers

Overview

```mermaid
flowchart TD
classDef gene fill:#0a1f0a,stroke:#4caf50
classDef protein fill:#0a1929,stroke:#2196f3
classDef disease fill:#2d0f0f,stroke:#e91e63
classDef pathway fill:#3e2200,stroke:#ff9800
classDef mechanism fill:#1a0a1f,stroke:#9c27b0
classDef therapeutic fill:#e0f2f1,stroke:#009688
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"associated_with"| Neurodegenerative_Diseases["Neurodegenerative Diseases"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"associated_with"| Sepsis_Diagnosis["Sepsis Diagnosis"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"associated_with"| Disease_Modifying_Treatment["Disease-Modifying Treatment"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"references"| AQP4["AQP4"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"references"| GFAP["GFAP"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"references"| BDNF["BDNF"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"references"| TLR4["TLR4"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"references"| C3["C3"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"references"| TREM2["TREM2"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"biomarker_for"| Amyotrophic_Lateral_Sclerosis["Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"biomarker_for"| Inclusion_Body_Myositis["Inclusion Body Myositis"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"biomarker_for"| Hepatocellular_Carcinoma["Hepatocellular Carcinoma"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"biomarker_for"| Neurocognitive_Disorders["Neurocognitive Disorders"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"biomarker_for"| Prostate_Cancer["Prostate Cancer"]
Biomarkers["Biomarkers"] -->|"involved_in"| Tumor_Stage_Classification["Tumor

Biomarkers

Overview

This index provides navigation for the biomarkers section of NeuroWiki. The biomarkers section contains 185 published biomarker pages covering protein, genetic, imaging, fluid, and digital biomarker categories for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, ALS, PSP, CBS, and MSA.

_Total: 185 pages_

By Biomarker Type

Protein Biomarkers

• [14-3-3 Proteins (CSF)](/biomarkers/14-3-3-proteins-csf) - Prion disease CSF marker
• [Beta-Amyloid 42/40 Ratio](/biomarkers/beta-amyloid-42-40-ratio) - Diagnostic ratio
• [Chitotriosidase](/biomarkers/chitotriosidase) - Lysosomal enzyme
• [Clusterin](/biomarkers/clusterin) - Chaperone protein
• [Complement Component 3](/biomarkers/complement-c3) - Immune biomarker
• [FABP3](/biomarkers/fabp3-fatty-acid-binding-protein-3) - Fatty acid binding
• [FGF21](/biomarkers/fibroblast-growth-factor-21-fgf21) - Metabolic biomarker
• [GFAP](/biomarkers/gfap-glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein) - Astrocyte activation
• [GPNMB](/biomarkers/gpnmb-glycoprotein-nmb) - Melanoma-associated
• [HMGB1](/biomarkers/high-mobility-group-box-1-hmgb1) - DAMP molecule
• [IL-18](/biomarkers/il-18-interleukin-18) - Inflammatory cytokine
• [IL-6](/biomarkers/il-6-interleukin-6-neurodegeneration) - Inflammatory cytokine
• [mHTT](/biomarkers/mutant-huntingtin-protein-mhtt) - Huntington's disease
• [MBP](/biomarkers/myelin-basic-protein-mbp) - Demyelination
• [Neurofascin](/biomarkers/neurofascin) - Axonal integrity
• [NfH](/biomarkers/neurofilament-heavy-chain-nfh) - Axonal damage
• [NfL](/biomarkers/neurofilament-light-chain-nfl) - NfL biomarker
• [NfM](/biomarkers/neurofilament-medium-chain-nfm) - Axonal marker
• [Neurogranin](/biomarkers/neurogranin-ng) - Synaptic dysfunction
• [Progranulin](/biomarkers/progranulin-pgrn) - PGRN biomarker
• [sTREM2](/biomarkers/strem2-soluble-trem2) - Microglial activation
• [Tau Oligomers](/biomarkers/tau-oligomers) - Toxic tau species

Neurotrophic Factor Biomarkers

• [BDNF](/biomarkers/bdnf-neurotrophic-factor-biomarker) - Neurotrophic factor
• [GDNF](/biomarkers/gdnf-neurotrophic-factor-biomarker) - Neurotrophic factor

Imaging Biomarkers

• [Amyloid PET Imaging](/biomarkers/amyloid-pet-imaging) - Brain amyloid imaging
• [ASL Perfusion AD](/biomarkers/asl-perfusion-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Perfusion imaging
• [DTI Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/dti-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Diffusion imaging
• [EEG Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/eeg-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Electrophysiology
• [fMRI Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/fmri-alzheimers-disease) - Functional imaging
• [Tau PET Imaging](/biomarkers/tau-pet-imaging) - Tau imaging

Fluid Biomarkers (Blood/CSF)

• [CXCL12](/biomarkers/cxcl12-sdf-1) - Inflammation biomarker
• [Fractalkine](/biomarkers/fractalkine-cx3cl1) - Neuroinflammation biomarker
• [Neuroimaging Biomarkers](/biomarkers/neuroimaging-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - General imaging
• [SV2A](/genes/sv2a) - Synaptic vesicle protein

Genetic/Epigenetic Biomarkers

• [DNA Methylation Biomarkers](/biomarkers/dna-methylation-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - Epigenetic
• [Epigenetic Biomarkers](/biomarkers/epigenetic-biomarkers-neurodegenerative-diseases) - Epigenetics
• [miRNA Biomarkers](/biomarkers/microrna-mirna-biomarkers-neurodegenerative-disease) - miRNA

Synaptic Biomarkers

• [GAP-43](/biomarkers/gap-43-growth-associated-protein) - Neuronal regeneration
• [Neurogranin](/biomarkers/neurogranin) - Synaptic dysfunction
• [Synaptic Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/synaptic-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - AD synaptic
• [Synaptic Biomarkers Neurodegeneration](/biomarkers/synaptic-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - General
• [Synaptophysin](/biomarkers/synaptophysin) - Synaptic marker

Disease-Specific Biomarkers

• [4R Tauopathy Differential](/biomarkers/4r-tauopathy-differential-biomarkers) - PSP/MSA
• [AT(N) Classification AD](/biomarkers/at-n-biomarker-classification-alzheimers-disease) - AD framework
• [CBS Biomarkers](/biomarkers/biomarkers-corticobasal-degeneration) - CBS-specific
• [MSA Biomarkers](/biomarkers/biomarkers-multiple-system-atrophy) - MSA-specific
• [CSF Biomarkers Overview](/biomarkers/csf-biomarkers-neurodegenerative-disease) - CSF testing
• [CSF Biomarker Comparison](/biomarkers/csf-biomarker-comparison-neurodegenerative-diseases) - Cross-disease
• [DLB Biomarkers](/biomarkers/dementia-lewy-bodies-biomarkers) - DLB-specific
• [eMTBR-tau243](/biomarkers/emtbr-tau243) - Tau endpoint
• [Liquid Biopsy](/biomarkers/liquid-biopsy-neurodegeneration) - Blood-based
• [Metabolomic Biomarkers](/biomarkers/metabolomic-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - Metabolism
• [Microglial Proteins CSF AD](/biomarkers/microglial-proteins-csf-ad-progression-states) - Microglial
• [MRI Atrophy CBS/PSP](/biomarkers/mri-atrophy-cbs-psp) - Imaging patterns
• [Skin Biopsy Tau Seeding](/biomarkers/skin-biopsy-tau-seeding-cbs-psp) - Seed detection

Digital & Emerging Biomarkers

• [Digital Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/digital-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Digital health
• [Dried Blood Spot AD](/biomarkers/dried-blood-spot-biomarker-test-alzheimers-disease) - DBS testing
• [Retinal Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/retinal-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Eye imaging
• [Salivary Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/salivary-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Saliva testing
• [Skin Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/skin-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Skin testing
• [Sleep Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/sleep-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Sleep metrics
• [Speech Cognitive Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/speech-cognitive-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Voice analysis

Other Biomarkers

• [Aquaporin-4](/biomarkers/aquaporin-4-aqp4-glymphatic) - Glymphatic system
• [Contactin-1](/biomarkers/contactin-1) - Peripheral neuropathy
• [GABA](/biomarkers/gaba-gamma-aminobutyric-acid) - Neurotransmitter
• [S100B Protein](/biomarkers/s100b-protein) - Astrocyte biomarker

Additional Biomarker Pages

• [Alpha-Syn PET Imaging Advances](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein-pet-imaging-biomarker-advances) - alpha-syn imaging
• [Astrocyte Exosomal mRNA](/biomarkers/astrocyte-derived-exosomal-mrna-reference-genes) - Exosomal
• [Neuroimaging in PSP](/diagnostics/neuroimaging-psp) - PSP imaging

All Biomarker Pages (162 Total)

A-B

• [14-3-3 Proteins (CSF)](/biomarkers/14-3-3-proteins-csf) - Prion disease CSF marker
• [4R Tauopathy Differential](/biomarkers/4r-tauopathy-differential-biomarkers) - PSP/MSA
• [5hmC in PD](/biomarkers/5hmc-parkinsons-disease) - Epigenetic biomarker
• [AAIC 2026 Blood Biomarkers](/biomarkers/aaic-2026-blood-biomarkers) - Conference
• [AAIC 2026 Tau PET Fluid](/biomarkers/aaic-2026-tau-pet-fluid-biomarker-integration) - Multimodal
• [AD Biomarker Mechanism Map](/biomarkers/ad-biomarker-mechanism-map) - Pathways
• [ADPD 2026 Blood Biomarkers](/biomarkers/adpd-2026-blood-biomarkers) - Conference
• [ADPD 2026 Genetic Stratification](/biomarkers/adpd-2026-precision-medicine-genetic-stratification) - Genetic
• [ADPD 2026 Seed Amplification](/biomarkers/adpd-2026-seed-amplification-assays) - SAA
• [Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein-oligomers) - Toxic species
• [Alpha-Syn PET Imaging Advances](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein-pet-imaging-biomarker-advances) - Imaging
• [Alpha-Synuclein Seeding Assay](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein-seeding-assay) - Detection
• [Alpha-Syn Seed Kinetics](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein-seed-kinetics-pd) - PD progression
• [Alpha-Syn Seed Amplification](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein-seed-amplification) - Detection
• [Alpha-Synuclein](/biomarkers/alpha-synuclein) - Core protein
• [AD Biomarkers](/biomarkers/alzheimers-biomarkers) - AD-specific
• [Amyloid Beta 40](/biomarkers/amyloid-beta-40-abeta-40) - A-beta species
• [Amyloid Beta 42/40 Ratio](/biomarkers/beta-amyloid-42-40-ratio) - Diagnostic ratio
• [Amyloid PET Imaging](/biomarkers/amyloid-pet-imaging) - Brain imaging
• [Aquaporin-4](/biomarkers/aquaporin-4-aqp4-glymphatic) - AQP4
• [ASL Perfusion AD](/biomarkers/asl-perfusion-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Perfusion
• [Astrocyte Exosomal mRNA](/biomarkers/astrocyte-derived-exosomal-mrna-reference-genes) - Exosomal
• [AT(N) Classification](/biomarkers/at-n-biomarker-classification-alzheimers-disease) - AD framework
• [BDNF](/biomarkers/bdnf-neurotrophic-factor-biomarker) - Neurotrophic factor
• [Beta-Synuclein](/biomarkers/beta-synuclein) - Synuclein family
• [Biomarker Classification CBS](/biomarkers/biomarker-classification-cbs) - CBS-specific
• [Blood-Based Biomarkers](/biomarkers/blood-based-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - Blood tests
• [Blood Biomarkers Atypical PD](/biomarkers/blood-biomarkers-atypical-parkinsonism) - PSP/MSA
• [Blood Microbial Signatures PD](/biomarkers/blood-microbial-signatures-parkinson) - Microbiome
• [Blood p-Tau Amyloidosis](/biomarkers/blood-ptau-systemic-amyloidosis) - p-tau
• [Blood p-Tau217 Timing](/mechanisms/blood-ptau217-onset-timing-clock) - Clinical timing

C-D

• [CBS Liquid Biopsy](/biomarkers/cbs-liquid-biopsy-diagnostics) - CBS-specific
• [CBS/PSP Validation Status](/biomarkers/cbs-psp-biomarker-validation-status) - Validation
• [CBS/PSP CSF Biomarkers](/biomarkers/cbs-psp-csf-biomarkers) - CSF testing
• [CBS/PSP Imaging Biomarkers](/biomarkers/cbs-psp-imaging-biomarkers) - MRI/PET
• [CBS/PSP Plasma Biomarkers](/biomarkers/cbs-psp-plasma-biomarkers) - Blood testing
• [Cell-Free DNA Biomarkers](/biomarkers/cell-free-dna-biomarkers) - cfDNA
• [Chitotriosidase](/biomarkers/chitotriosidase) - Lysosomal enzyme
• [Clusterin](/biomarkers/clusterin) - Chaperone protein
• [Combination Biomarker Panels AD](/biomarkers/combination-biomarker-panels-ad) - Multi-marker
• [Complement C3](/biomarkers/complement-c3) - Immune biomarker
• [Contactin-1](/biomarkers/contactin-1) - Peripheral neuropathy
• [Corticobasal Degeneration Biomarkers](/biomarkers/biomarkers-corticobasal-degeneration) - CBS
• [CSF Biomarker Comparison](/biomarkers/csf-biomarker-comparison-neurodegenerative-diseases) - Cross-disease
• [CSF Biomarker Panels](/biomarkers/csf-biomarker-panels) - Panel testing
• [CSF Biomarkers Overview](/biomarkers/csf-biomarkers-neurodegenerative-disease) - CSF testing
• [CSF Neurofilament Light](/biomarkers/csf-neurofilament-light) - Axonal damage
• [CSF O-GlcNAc](/biomarkers/csf-o-glcnac) - Glycosylation
• [CSF p-Tau181](/biomarkers/csf-pta181) - Tau pathology
• [CXCL12](/biomarkers/cxcl12-sdf-1) - Inflammation
• [DLB Biomarkers](/biomarkers/dementia-lewy-bodies-biomarkers) - DLB-specific
• [Digital Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/digital-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Digital health
• [DNA Methylation Biomarkers](/biomarkers/dna-methylation-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - Epigenetic
• [Dried Blood Spot AD](/biomarkers/dried-blood-spot-biomarker-test-alzheimers-disease) - DBS
• [DTI Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/dti-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Diffusion imaging

E-G

• [EEG Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/eeg-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Electrophysiology
• [eMTBR-tau243](/biomarkers/emtbr-tau243) - Tau endpoint
• [Epigenetic Biomarkers](/biomarkers/epigenetic-biomarkers-neurodegenerative-diseases) - Epigenetics
• [FABP3](/biomarkers/fabp3-fatty-acid-binding-protein-3) - Fatty acid binding
• [FGF21](/biomarkers/fibroblast-growth-factor-21-fgf21) - Metabolic biomarker
• [fMRI Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/fmri-alzheimers-disease) - Functional imaging
• [Fractalkine](/biomarkers/fractalkine-cx3cl1) - Neuroinflammation
• [GABA](/biomarkers/gaba-gamma-aminobutyric-acid) - Neurotransmitter
• [GAP-43](/biomarkers/gap-43-growth-associated-protein) - Neuronal regeneration
• [GDNF](/biomarkers/gdnf-neurotrophic-factor-biomarker) - Neurotrophic factor
• [GFAP](/biomarkers/gfap-glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein) - Astrocyte activation
• [GPNMB](/biomarkers/gpnmb-glycoprotein-nmb) - Melanoma-associated

H-M

• [HMGB1](/biomarkers/high-mobility-group-box-1-hmgb1) - DAMP molecule
• [IL-18](/biomarkers/il-18-interleukin-18) - Inflammatory cytokine
• [IL-6 Neurodegeneration](/biomarkers/il-6-interleukin-6-neurodegeneration) - Inflammatory
• [Liquid Biopsy](/biomarkers/liquid-biopsy-neurodegeneration) - Blood-based
• [Metabolomic Biomarkers](/biomarkers/metabolomic-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - Metabolism
• [Microglial Proteins CSF AD](/biomarkers/microglial-proteins-csf-ad-progression-states) - Microglial
• [MicroRNA Biomarkers](/biomarkers/microrna-mirna-biomarkers-neurodegenerative-disease) - miRNA
• [MRI Atrophy Patterns CBS/PSP](/biomarkers/mri-atrophy-cbs-psp) - Imaging patterns
• [Mutant Huntingtin Protein](/biomarkers/mutant-huntingtin-protein-mhtt) - Huntington's
• [Myelin Basic Protein](/biomarkers/myelin-basic-protein-mbp) - Demyelination

N-R

• [Neurofascin](/biomarkers/neurofascin) - Axonal integrity
• [Neurofilament Heavy Chain](/biomarkers/neurofilament-heavy-chain-nfh) - Axonal damage
• [Neurofilament Light Chain](/biomarkers/neurofilament-light-chain-nfl) - NfL
• [Neurofilament Medium Chain](/biomarkers/neurofilament-medium-chain-nfm) - Axonal
• [Neurogranin](/biomarkers/neurogranin-ng) - Synaptic dysfunction
• [Neuroimaging Biomarkers](/biomarkers/neuroimaging-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - General
• [Neuroimaging in PSP](/diagnostics/neuroimaging-psp) - PSP-specific
• [PD Biomarkers](/biomarkers/parkinsons-disease-biomarkers) - PD-specific
• [Progranulin](/biomarkers/progranulin-pgrn) - PGRN biomarker
• [p-Tau](/biomarkers/p-tau) - Phosphorylated tau
• [p-Tau 181](/biomarkers/p-tau-181) - Tau biomarker
• [p-Tau 217](/biomarkers/p-tau-217) - Tau biomarker
• [p-Tau 231](/biomarkers/p-tau-231) - Tau biomarker
• [Retinal Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/retinal-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Eye imaging

S

• [S100B Protein](/biomarkers/s100b-protein) - Astrocyte biomarker
• [Salivary Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/salivary-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Saliva testing
• [Serum Neurofilament Light](/biomarkers/neurofilament-light-chain-nfl) - Blood NfL
• [Skin Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/skin-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Skin testing
• [Skin Biopsy Tau Seeding](/biomarkers/skin-biopsy-tau-seeding-cbs-psp) - Seed detection
• [Sleep Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/sleep-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Sleep metrics
• [Speech Cognitive Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/speech-cognitive-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Voice
• [sTREM2](/biomarkers/strem2-soluble-trem2) - Microglial activation
• [SV2A](/genes/sv2a) - Synaptic vesicle protein
• [Synaptic Biomarkers AD](/biomarkers/synaptic-biomarkers-alzheimers-disease) - Synaptic
• [Synaptic Biomarkers Neurodegeneration](/biomarkers/synaptic-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - General
• [Synaptophysin](/biomarkers/synaptophysin) - Synaptic marker

T

• [Tau Biomarkers](/biomarkers/tau-biomarkers) - Tau protein biomarkers
• [Tau Oligomers](/biomarkers/tau-oligomers) - Toxic tau species
• [Tau PET Imaging](/biomarkers/tau-pet-imaging) - Brain imaging
• [TLR4 Biomarkers](/biomarkers/tlr4-biomarkers-neurodegeneration) - Innate immunity
• [Total Alpha-Synuclein](/biomarkers/total-alpha-synuclein) - t-alpha-syn
• [TREM2 Biomarkers](/biomarkers/trem2-biomarkers) - Microglial

Related Sections

• [Diseases](/diseases) - Disease-specific biomarker pages
• [Diagnostics](/diagnostics) - Diagnostic tools and methods
• [Proteins](/proteins) - Protein biomarker references
• [Genes](/genes) - Genetic biomarker associations
• [Clinical Trials](/clinical-trials) - Biomarker validation trials

Related Hypotheses

From the [SciDEX Exchange](/exchange) — scored by multi-agent debate

• [Nutrient-Sensing Epigenetic Circuit Reactivation](/hypothesis/h-4bb7fd8c) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.79</span> · Target: SIRT1
• [CYP46A1 Overexpression Gene Therapy](/hypothesis/h-2600483e) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.79</span> · Target: CYP46A1
• [Gamma entrainment therapy to restore hippocampal-cortical synchrony](/hypothesis/h-bdbd2120) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.77</span> · Target: SST
• [Circadian Glymphatic Entrainment via Targeted Orexin Receptor Modulation](/hypothesis/h-9e9fee95) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.77</span> · Target: HCRTR1/HCRTR2
• [Selective Acid Sphingomyelinase Modulation Therapy](/hypothesis/h-de0d4364) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.77</span> · Target: SMPD1
• [Membrane Cholesterol Gradient Modulators](/hypothesis/h-9d29bfe5) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.76</span> · Target: ABCA1/LDLR/SREBF2
• [Microbial Inflammasome Priming Prevention](/hypothesis/h-e7e1f943) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.76</span> · Target: NLRP3, CASP1, IL1B, PYCARD
• [TREM2-Dependent Microglial Senescence Transition](/hypothesis/h-61196ade) — <span style="color:#81c784;font-weight:600">0.76</span> · Target: TREM2

Related Analyses:

• [Digital biomarkers and AI-driven early detection of neurodegeneration](/analysis/SDA-2026-04-01-gap-012) &#x1f504;
• [Extracellular vesicle biomarkers for early AD detection](/analysis/SDA-2026-04-02-gap-ev-ad-biomarkers) &#x1f504;
• [Astrocyte reactivity subtypes in neurodegeneration](/analysis/SDA-2026-04-01-gap-007) &#x1f504;
• [Blood-brain barrier transport mechanisms for antibody therapeutics](/analysis/SDA-2026-04-01-gap-008) &#x1f504;
• [Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk amplification loops in neurodegeneration](/analysis/SDA-2026-04-01-gap-009) &#x1f504;